حقِ انتفاع و انتفاعی ملکیت: ایک فقہی تحقیقی جائزہ

There is quite difference between ownership and right of use in other words usufruct, at present this term is widely used in Islamic financial institutions for beneficial ownership. But the use of this term is entirely changed from western law and Islamic law. Particularly in Islamic law, legality of a product or things depends on its objectives. In this article it has been discussed in detail in the light of different school of thoughts of Islamic jurisprudence.  

Molecular Characterization of 16S Rrna Methylase Arma Producing Aminoglycoside Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolates

Acinetobacter baumannii is considered one of the most portentous pathogens which showed resistance against various classes of antibiotics and chemical disinfectants, enabling it as one of the notorious nosocomial bacteria. The present study was planned with the objective to isolate and identify A. baumannii from various clinical isolates of hospitalized patients for the determination of antibiotic resistance profile against commonly used antimicrobial agents also to examine the function of armA in aminoglycoside resistance. A total of 460 clinical samples from different sources (pus, urine, blood, etc.) were collected from various tertiary referral healthcare of Lahore. 218 belonged to gram-negative bacteria.A. baumannii were identified initially based on culture characteristics on blood agar and MacConkey agar, microscopic morphological features followed by biochemical confirmation using slide catalase, tube catalase, and DNase test. Isolates were further analyzed for sensitivity against different antibiotics through Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique in accordance with the CLSI guidelines 2014. The MIC of Amikacin and Gentamicin was evaluated with the E-strips? (bioM?rieux, France). Isolates were screened for A. baumannii using A. baumannii Chrom? agar initially and by cefoxitin disk method. Later genetically confirmed by molecular typing of recA gene through PCR. Out of 218 clinical specimens, 68% (n=148) were found to be positive for A. baumannii, and the high rate of A. baumannii infections was found among male patients with a male to female ratio of 3 to 1 and within 21 to 40 years age group. All A. baumannii isolates exhibited a variable resistance pattern against Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Amikacin, Meropenem, Tobramycin, Doxycycline and Gentamicin except Colistin and Tigecycline. armA was present among 37 isolates which represent a high-level of resistance against the antimicrobials. In the present study, we concluded that A. baumannii is highly prevalent among patients hospitalized in Lahore and males were more vulnerable to A. baumannii infections. The isolates of A. baumannii showed greater resistance against the commonly utilized antimicrobial agents. Tigecycline along with colistin was observed as the most effectual drugs against the clinical specimens.