Issues of Ethnic Diversity and Just Development in Pakistan with a Special Focus on the Seraiki Ethnic Group

Ethnicity implies the sense of belonging together as the cultural group in a given society. It is a complex combination of racial, cultural and historical characteristics by which people differentiate themselves from other groups. This research envisages the genesis and the evolution of ethnicity as a political concept, the problems of ethnicity in a heterogeneous, multicultural state and the phenomenon of ethno-nationalism in its historical and analytical perspective in the federation of Pakistan with special reference to the status of Seraiki ethnic group. In fact ethnic expressions exist in all multicultural states and distinct ethnic groups evaluate themselves through communal prism. The less privileged groups develop abhorrence against the over – privileged groups due to the persistence of socioeconomic injustices. Factors like the gap between core and periphery, asymmetrical modernization and authoritarian trends lead towards ethnic disruption. Same is the case with Pakistan, a multilingual, multiracial and multiethnic state with federating units reflecting various diversities. The analysis of ethno-nationalism in Pakistan highlights factors, like regional cultural identity, relative deprivation among regions, centralized state structure, denial of accepting regional language as national language, and the absence of democratic values as being the root causes of the Bengali separatism. The assimilationist policies of the government do not acknowledge the regional/ethnic aspirations. Denial of pluralistic approach has been thwarting the demand for provincial autonomy. The nature of ethnic consciousness in the Seraiki belt, analyzed in this article, is found to be nurtured by the perceived socio-economic injustice at intra-provincial level—between the regions of South Punjab and Central and Northern Punjab put together

Extending the Authentication Mechanism in Ip Multimedia Subsystems for Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is an emerging platform for provisioning multimedia services (e.g., data, voice, and video) in 4G/5G networks. IMS authentication is an important procedure which grants legitimate users to access multimedia services. However, periodic re-authentication of mobile users results in significant signaling traffic overhead due to complete execution of hectic procedure. Moreover, signaling protocol such as SIP overlooks user’s confidentiality by leaving unprotected public and private identities. In IMS each user entering from another network like UMTS or VOLTE has to authenticate itself. However, it already passed through the same authentication process in its own network. Therefore, IMS core entities are affected by high signaling that could be a source of congestion. . The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used in IMS to establish and manage sessions. It is easy for a hacker to attack IMS with flooding SIP messages. However, IMS does not provide any functions to prevent such kind of attacks. This research presents a secure aauthentication protocol (SAP) which creates a secure channel through the deployment of KMC (Key Management Center) for transmitting user identities; ECC (Elliptic curve cryptography) is used for key generation that provides reduced encryption and decryption time than existing schemes for IMS. FAP strives to minimize signaling overhead of periodic re-authentications. Once a user completes authentication, FAP grants a valid ticket for a particular time which can be used for subsequent re-authentications until it expires. This research introduce a header in SIP to hold the ticket. This research employ protocol composition logic for formal modeling and verification of SAP. The performance of SAP, FAP is validated through FOKUS IMS test bed. The results demonstrate the performance appraisal of FAP compared to other contemporary schemes in terms of signaling overhead, bandwidth consumption and response time. This research presents a Low congestion and Certificate based One-pass Authentication Protocol (COAP) that avoids duplication of authentication steps and makes its authentication efficient through the use of digital certificates. An authenticated user is allotted a certificate to restrict the repetition of complete authentication procedure until the certificate expires. COAP results in reduction of signaling traffic, which eliminates v the congestion problem, it also reduces bandwidth and delivery cost which make this scheme more efficient in terms of bandwidth consumption. An intrusion detection system is designed where a pair of subsystems is working, one is spoofing detection and prevention subsystem and other is flooding detection and prevention subsystem. A zero-watermarking scheme detects the spoofing attack.Watermark embedding is done by the original author and extraction done later by KMC to prove ownership. The flooding detection system is working on misuse rules and anomaly detection algorithms which provide successful detection and prevention for IMS and VOLTE environment. The results has shown that better than other schemes it is compared to i.e. when the no of requests are 30 the detection rate is 90.19 however, when no of request are 40 the accuracy rate of the proposed scheme is 100 percent.