أفكار أرنولد توينبي عن الحضارة الإسلامية ومدى تأثره برؤية ابن خلدون: دراسة وصفية و تحليلية

Ibn e Khaldun (1406 C.E.) has been an imminent scholar and well known for his work in the study of civilization. His vision regarding Civilization holds the significant place according to the philosophers of history. Arnold J. Toynbee (1975 C.E.) is one such prominent thinker who not only applauded the thoughts of Ibn e Khaldun but was influenced by Ibn e Khaldun’s views as it can be seen in Toynbee’s book: “A Study of History”. As a philosopher of history, he has much contribution in the field; He interlinks History with civilization. He presented a thoughtful book surrounding his civilizational vision; which explains the causes of world’s ups and downs. Although he presented a quality research about the division of the civilizations in the light of religion, many aspects of his work need to be reassessed. As per his understanding of world civilizations, he represents twenty-one civilizations, but with the passage of time, the number reduces and now only five are left in the contemporary epoch. According to him, religion has played significant role in the rise and fall of civilizations through their various stages. This research will highlight his thought about Islam through a comparison between Toynbee and Ibn e Khaldun’s Islamic civilizational thoughts. The study will also mention several problems in his approach to the Islamic Civilization. Furthermore, along with due importance of both scholars in the subject of history, their authoritative status will be stated. This research aims to discuss some misconceptions of the West that are based on Toynbee's understating of Islamic civilization and history. And, consequently, it intends to improve relations between people of the west and east.

Taxonomy and Distribution of Rhinoceroses from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan

Taxonomic studies of the abundant and diverse rhinoceros fossil materials from different formations of the Siwaliks, Pakistan, were undertaken. Most of the fossil remains came from the previously described localities. However some new localities were also explored for the collection of specimens. Over all fifty four specimens, collected from different localities of the lower, middle and upper Siwaliks are described in this dissertation. Among fifty; nine specimens belong to the genus Rhinoceros, two specimens belong to the genus Punjabitherium, fifteen specimens belong to the genus Gaindatherium, seven specimens belong to the genus Alicornops, thirteen specimens belong to the genus Brachypotherium, and eight specimens belong to the genus Chilotherium. All the described specimens include some complete maxillary and mandibular tooth series, isolated teeth and fragments of maxillae or mandibles. A complete right and left maxillary tooth series (P1-M3) of Rhinoceros sivalensis is described for the first time from the Tatrot Fm. of the upper Siwaliks. Fossil remains of Rhinoceros sondaicus and Punjabitherium platyrhinus are also a new addition to the rhinoceros fauna of the Pinjor Fm. of the upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. Alicornops complanatum a new binomen proposed by Antoine et al., (2003c) is considered valid in the present study for Chilotherium intermedium complanatum (Heissig, 1972). Alicornops aff. laogouense is also described for the first time from the Kamlial Fm. of the lower Siwaliks of Pakistan. Maps showing the stratigraphic ranges of the various taxa of the Siwalik rhinoceroses in correlation to the published records are also presented herein this dissertation. The fossil material was collected from fifteen different localities of the Siwalik Fms. A new fossiliferous locality at Lava (Chinji Fm., Lower Siwaliks), district Chakwal, has been discovered.