In the current reform of Mathematics teaching, the children are required to develop their understanding of mathematical concepts and apply this understanding in real life situations. However, ECD1 children lack their basic understanding in mathematics. This study was conducted to understand the challenges in teaching Mathematics at the level of early childhood development, with the rationale to improve teaching and learning mathematics at children's early years of schooling. This study was conducted in a private ECD English medium school in Karachi, Pakistan. This study is based on Mathematics teaching and learning in classes I and II in an ECD school. The age group of children was six to eight years old. The study was qualitative in nature. The two ECD (classes II and I) Mathematics teachers' perceptions, and teaching practices and challenges for teaching mathematics were explored through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, post observation discussions, and document analysis. Findings were compared and analyzed from all different data collection methods. The findings of this study suggest a significant influence of teachers' views on their teaching practices. The teaching practices identify different teaching strategies in school; such as group work, integrated teaching, fast teaching pace and choral responses based on rote-learning vs. meaningful learning. Findings suggest that these practices are not effective to enhance children's learning in Mathematics due to teachers' understanding of mathematics concepts and the way of teaching and learning mathematics. In teachers' perspectives, classroom discipline, preparing activities and integrated teaching are challenges for ECD teachers. This study also suggests the implications for teachers and teacher educators as well as offers recommendations for the future research.
A collection of Aḥādīth of Prophet Muḥammad (May peace and blessing be upon him) compiled by Imām Bukhārī. The Muslim scholars of past and present time gave great importance to this book by making their efforts to extract the treasures hidden in this book and to present the different approaches and benefits of this book. “Al Kawākib al-Durārī” by Imām Al kirmānī is an old explanation of Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī. He was among those scholars who were expert in many fields at a time like knowledge about ╓adīth, its narrators, Commentary, Qirā’t, Qur‘ānic Sciences, Islamic Jurisprudence, Arabic language, Faith, Medicine, History, Geography, Astronomy etc. ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar who also had the specialization in science of hadith and knowledge about biographies of narrators. During studying “Fatḥ al Bārī” I found that ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar criticized on the commentary of Al kirmānī at many times in relating different sayings and signals. In this article I studied these comments of ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar on Imam Alkirmani a critical comparison. After research I have found that ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar has consulted “Al Kawākib al- Durārī” and quoted Imām Al kirmānī’s commentary and added it. This article approves that judgments of ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar on conversion and transformation of text and on distorted, additional and incomplete words in the text are more authentic than Imām Al kirmānī.
PEACE ESTABLISHMENT: ROLE OF INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANISATIONS(A historical and analytical study) The research study consists of five chapters. It is unique quality of Islam to seek out pragmatic solution to the contemporary problems and to maintain the balance of human rights on the basis of Islamic literature. To pen down the bleak scenario, what Muslims, particularly Pakistani nation witnessed since 9/11/2001 is beyond the researcher’s approach in terms of time and resources. Discrimination of all sorts, say, on the basis of race, language and religion against Muslims are being justified by the United Nation and the international community. On one side, Islam and Muslims are being declared as the emblem of prejudice and hatredness that it possesses danger to the international peace but on the other side of the coin Muslims are seemed the lonely aggrieved nation on the global landscape and stigmatized on international level. The researcher has brought this blatant paradox to the fore and also pleaded that Muslims should not be stigmatized on the name of religion but pragmatic solution of the whole dilemma should be sought out. Additionally, UN should look into the contemporary problems in the light of glorious and peaceful periods of Muhammad (PBUH) and Pious caliphs. Furthermore, Muslims are also warned in the light of Quran and Hadith for their egoism, internal conflicts among themselves in the name of Din. Islam is a peaceful Din that teaches tolerance and gives rights to any sect, cast, creed and religion to be lived with; without any discrimination. No doubt, there might be weaknesses in the Muslims but non-Muslim has also left no stone unturned to stigmatize the Islam as the religion of terror. At the end, may Allah accept this minute effort and make the nation of Islam particularly Pakistan strong and peaceful region of the world. Amin