School improvement is a process which requires various factors to be put in place. Community involvement is one of them. The study was conducted in a community secondary school run by the local community and Aga Khan Education Service, Pakistan (AKES, P) jointly in the context of Gilgit-Baltistan, Exploratory qualitative method was used to investigate the research question. This study aimed to explore how community involvement is used as a pathway for school improvement. Specifically, the inquiry focused on the stakeholders' perceptions about the experiences of school-community partnerships and the effect of this partnership on school improvement. The strategies and practices that facilitate community involvement, the challenges in involvement of community, and the strategies stakeholders use to overcome these challenges were investigated. The findings of the study revealed that there is a general belief among parents, community, teachers and students that the school is functioning well according to its set goals, due to community involvement. The findings also suggest that community members extend their support to school improvement efforts through various ways and means. The community members not only provide material support to the school but also contribute in terms of creating opportunities for students' enhanced learning. Moreover, this study identifies a variety of factors that motivate parents and other community members to extend their assistance and support towards school improvement. The school uses a variety of strategies to involve individual parents as well and the wider community in school improvement. The findings also indicated some of the challenges that the school and its community face in effort to build a strong working relationships towards school improvement. The study's findings have important implications for the school and the community. These implications emphasize the need for better understanding of the ways in which community involvement could be used as a path way for school improvement.
سلام مچھلی شہری افسوس ہے کہ سلام مچھلی شہری بھی چل بسے، وہ ممتاز ترقی پسند شاعر تھے، اعظم گڑھ اور دارالمصنفین سے ان کے تعلقات بہت پرانے تھے، جس کا انھوں نے ہمیشہ لحاظ رکھا، کئی مہینے ہوئے خبر ملی تھی کہ انھوں نے شراب سے توبہ کر لی ہے، اس خبر سے قدرۃً خوشی ہوئی، اتفاق سے اسی زمانہ میں انھوں نے جدید طرز میں ایک نعت کہہ کر معارف میں اشاعت کے لیے بھیجی، میں نے ان کو توبہ پر مبارک باد دی اور لکھا کہ نعت کے لیے پرانا طرز ہی مناسب ہے، انھوں نے جواب میں لکھا کہ انھوں نے شراب سے توبہ کرلی ہے اور دعا فرمائیے کہ خدا استقامت عطا فرمائے اور اپنے موروثی مذہبی اثرات کا بھی حوالہ دیا، اور دوسری نعت کہہ کر بھیجنے کا وعدہ کیا، مگر ابھی اس کے ایفا کی نوبت نہ آئی تھی کہ ان کا وقت پورا ہوگیا، شراب نے ہمارے بہت سے ہونہار شعراء کو تباہ کیا ہے، شکر ہے کہ سلام اس سے تائب ہوگئے تھے، جو ان کی عاقبت کے لیے فال نیک ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی توبہ قبول اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۷۳ء)
The ancient 5000 BCyears old Indus Valley Civilization, widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia. It is one of the world’s first cities and contemporaneous with ancient EgyptianCivilizations and Mesopotamian civilizations. Mohenjo-Daro is located west of the Indus Riveraround 28 kilometres (17 miles) from the town of LarkanaDistrict, Sindh, Pakistan. The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921. It was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, under the direction of John Marshall, K. N. Mohenjo-Daro does mean 'Mound of the dead'. It is the name given by the locals to the place. The total area of Mohenjo-daro is 620 acres. Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys. Many important objects from Mohenjo-daro are conserved at the National Museum of India in Delhi and the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi. In 1939, a representative collection of arteffacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
The thesis deals with the history of the last seventy years of Palestinian struggle for the establishment of their identity as a sovereign nation-state as it is reflected through the poetic and prose works of Mahmoud Darwish. Owing to his persistent role as the mouthpiece of the Palestinian sentiments, Darwish has come to be known as the Palestinian national poet. In the present study, Darwish’s literary outpour is seen in the context of a long history where different claimants have contended to establish their entitlement to the sacred land of Palestine. The historical dimension is an important part of the Arab literature in general and Palestinian literature in particular where the struggle for independence and democratic rights has consistently been nabbed by the colonial masters in the past and the neo-colonial regimes of the present time. In the context of Palestinian/Israeli conflict, the UN-sanctioned ‘twostate’ solution is being systematically undermined by the ultra-orthodox, US-supported Israeli government that openly refuses to admit the legal and historical rights of the Palestinians. While history is being documented by the resourceful western academia and other institutions with more or less ulterior motives, it becomes ever more pertinent to highlight the Palestinian cause as reflected through various modes of their own cultural production. Indigenous literary and non-literary voices must be heeded to for a holistic understanding of the human condition in Palestine. Analysing Mahmoud Darwish’s writings in their historical backdrop is thus an attempt to understand the history of Palestinian national identity through the focal lens of a representative poet. The present research is interdisciplinary in nature using a historico-literary framework of study that takes its lead from intertextuality as well as new-historicism. The purpose of investigation is a deeper understanding of Palestinian struggle through Darwish’s works as he tackles the challenges of exile and cultural memory to realize the ideals of home and identity. It is hoped that the present treatise would encourage further interdisciplinary researches where other literary texts are explored in their historical and political contexts.