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Construction of Scientific Knowledge Through Scientific Language

Thesis Info

Author

Jan, Tayib

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2003

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727888995

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Science Education has been emphasized as a major contributor to the industrial and technological development, for the last many decades, in Pakistan. A lot of effort has been made to build and equip laboratories with the hope that the materials provided here would be helpful in constructing students' scientific knowledge. On the one hand, due to the economic conditions of the country we have not been able to provide enough laboratory buildings and materials to the schools. On the other hand, the teachers have not been able to employ strategies to make the practical and theoretical work coherent. Practicals are performed after unconnectedly attending lectures in the classroom. The students are unable to find connection between the two by themselves. Therefore, practical work remain just for fun and a way to escape from the lectures in the classroom. The teachers' consider finishing the syllabus as their foremost professional obligation, which puts undue pressure on merely teaching the content in the science classroom. The teachers teach only the content and assume that the students will catch the language of science by themselves. When they are unable to do so it is declared that they are not bright enough or they do not work hard. The trend results in alienating students from the discipline. Even though some students achieve good marks, they are not able to develop the kind of understanding that is required in think and act like scientists. The data from this study illustrate how scientific language can be used to help students in constructing scientific knowledge. The study helps in understanding science as a dynamic process connected to a cultural and social context. Looking at science in this perspective of its tentativeness gives room for scientific language through which theories are refuted, challenged, critiqued and evaluated in the classroom. The study looks at different strategies the teachers employ in teaching science in the classroom and based on these findings suggest some strategies to science teachers to reconceptulize science education in the country. The point worth noting here is that we follow English as a medium of instruction without actually realizing, how much it contributes to the development of students' scientific understanding. The purpose behind this study was to have as intrinsic understanding of the role of scientific language in constructing students' scientific knowledge. Although the focus of the study was not to give recommendations for AKU-IED and PDC for
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قتل کی حرمت ، احکام اور اقسام

اسلام میں قتل کی حرمت
اسلام نے نہ صرف قتل و غارت گری سے روکا بلکہ اس غلط کام کے مفاسد بھی بیان کیے تاکہ انسان اس گناہ سے بچ سکے۔ قتل ناحق کو سب سے بڑا جرم قرار دیا گیا، جیسا کہ ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے
﴿ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ وَمَنْ قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا فَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا لِوَلِيِّهِ سُلْطَانًا فَلَا يُسْرِفْ فِي الْقَتْلِ إِنَّهُ كَانَ مَنْصُورًا ﴾178
"جس شخص کے قتل کرنے کو اللہ نے حرام کیا ہے اس کو قتل نہ کرو مگر حق شرعی کے ساتھ اور جو شخص ظلم کے ساتھ مارا جائے ہم نے اس کے وارث کو غلبہ دیا ہے تو اس کو چاہیے کہ وہ قتل میں زیادتی نہ کرے۔ بلاشبہ اس کی مدد کی گئی ہے۔ "
اور جس شخص کے قتل کرنے کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے قواعد شرعیہ کی رو سے حرام فرمایا ہے ۔ اس کو قتل مت کرو، ہاں مگر حق پر قتل کرنا درست ہے ، یعنی جب وجوب یا اباحت قتل کا کوئی سبب شرعی پایا جائے ، اس وقت وہ "حرم اللہ " میں داخل نہیں اور جو شخص ناحق قتل کیا جائے توہم نے اس کے وارث حقیقی یا حکمی کو قصاص لینے کا شرعا اختیار دیا ہے۔ سو اس کے قتل کے بارے میں حدِ شرعی سے تجاوز نہیں کرنا چاہیے ، یعنی قاتل کے علاوہ کسی اور کو قتل نہ کرے، کیونکہ وہ شخص زیادتی نہ کرنے کی صورت میں شرعا ًتو طرفداری کے قابل ہے اور زیادتی کرنے سے فریق ثانی طرفداری کے قابل ہو جائےگا ۔ اس لیے زیادتی کر کے منصوریت سے خارج نہیں ہونا چاہیے۔
مندرجہ ذیل شرعی وجوہات کی بنا پر مسلمان کا قتل جائز قرار دیاگیا، جیسا کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے فرمایا
" لاَ يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ، يَشْهَدُ...

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