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Controversy As a Strategy for Teaching Social Studies

Thesis Info

Author

Niyozov, Sarfaroz

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1995

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727890464

Similar


Controversy has an image of fear, danger and caution in the schools in Pakistan. In this dissertation I have tried to explore how controversy, an inevitable phenomenon in our daily life, can be constructively and positively used in the classroom. In this study controversy is presented as an alternative way of making Social Studies interesting, meaningful and respondent to the needs and interests of the students. To seek a conclusion, I have discussed some of the problems and possibilities a teacher may face while dealing with controversy. The dissertation clarifies different notions of the term "controversy" and puts emphasis on controversy as an educationally useful strategy for teaching Social Studies. A substantial part of the dissertation explores my frustrating, yet at the same time extremely valuable experience in which I went through tensions of being a teacher, an outside researcher and a teacher educator at the same time. Therefore, the dissertation has valuable methodological insights which will be useful for further research and my work with teachers. The research shows that the teachers have choice: either to avoid controversy and play safe, or to venture and fulfill their moral responsibility in making difference in the life of young citizens, the future of this country.
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التحریر چوک

التحریر چوک

کبری الجامعہ کے علاوہ قاہرہ میں دریائے نیل پر ایک پل اور بھی ہے جس کو ۱۲ اکتوبر پل کہا جاتا ہے ۔مسافر دکتور محمود سے وجہ تسمیہ پوچھی تو اس نے کہا عرب اسرائیل جنگ کی یاد میں یہ پل بنایاگیا ہے ۔اس پل کے کنارے قاہرہ ٹاور ہے جس کی بلندی نے باقی عمارتوں کو ماند کر رکھا ہے ۔ ڈوبتے سورج کی سرمئی روشنی میں قاہرہ کے مینار کی نکھری رنگت نقرئی نظر آنے لگی جس نے اس کی وجاہت اور قد کاٹھ میں بڑھوتری پیدا کر دی تھی ۔

۱۲ اکتوبر پل کے دوسرے کنارے ’’التحریر ‘‘کے نام سے ایک بڑا چوک ہے ۔اس نام سے میری شناسائی چند سال پہلے اس وقت ہوئی جب سابقہ مصری صدر حسنِ مبارک کے طویل دور حکومت کے خلاف ایک تحریک شروع ہوئی ۔تحریک جب احتجاج میں بدلی تو مرکزی حیثیت التحریر چوک کوملی جہاں مصری نوجوانوں نے کئی ہفتوں تک دھرنا دیا اور آخر کار حسن مبارک نے پہلے حکومت چھوڑی اور پھر جیل جانا پڑا ۔سیاست کے ماہرین نے اس تحریک کو ’’عرب بہار ‘‘کا حصہ گردانا جو عرب ملکوں میں مطلق العنان بادشاہوں کے خلاف شروع ہوئی تھی ۔بیسوی صدی کی ساتویں دہائی کے اواخر میں ’’مرگ برشاہ‘‘اور ’’شاہ رفت‘‘کی جو آوزیں تہران کی مرکزی شاہراہوں اور چوکوں میں سنی گئی تھیں۔عرب بادشاہوں کو بھی مطلق العنانی کے خلاف ایسی ہی آوازوں کا سامنا کر نا پڑا ۔اس میں کوئی مبالغہ نہیں کہ انقلاب خواہ کتنا ہی پرانا کیوں نہ ہو جائے اس کی داستان ہمیشہ تازہ رہتی ہے۔ امید اور عمل ،بیداری اور خود شناسی ،جنوں اور لہو کی داستان بھی کبھی پرانی ہو سکتی ہے؟زمانہ اس کو بار بار دہراتا ہے فرق صرف نام ،مقام اور وقت کا ہو تا ہے ۔

Dietary Options in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome & Die1

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Influence of Zinc and Boron Nutrition on the Perfomance of Conventional and Conservation Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems

Micronutrients deficiency particularly zinc (Zn) and boron (B), and some sustainability issues, in the conventional rice-wheat cropping systems (RWCS), are threatening the performance and productivity of this important system. Experiments were conducted at farmer field in Punjab, Pakistan to improve the productivity of conventional and conservation RWCS through Zn and B application. Residual effect of both Zn and B on the following rice and wheat both crops were also investigated. In the experiments first and second, wheat was grown under zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT). In first experiment, Zn was applied as was delivered as foliar application (FA; 0.025 M), soil application (SA; 10 kg ha-1) and seed priming (SP; 0.5 M); while in experiment second, B was applied as SP and FA (0.01 M) and SA (1 kg ha-1). After the wheat harvest, rice was seeded in puddled-transplanted (PuTR) and direct seeded aerobic (DSAR) conditions. In the experiments third and fourth, rice was planted under PuTR and DSAR; and Zn was applied in third experiment as SA (10 kg ha-1), SP (0.01 M) and FA (10 kg ha-1). Whereas, in experiment fourth, B was delivered as SP (0.01 M), FA (0.25 M) and SA (1 kg ha-1). After the rice harvest, wheat was seeded in CT and ZT. Experiments were executed in randomized complete block design in split-plot arrangements and replicated four times. Conventional and conservation tillage in both rice and wheat significantly affected the soil health, weeds dynamics and grain yield. Soil physio-biological properties were better in zero till wheat (ZTW) than plough till wheat (PTW) evident from high soil organic matter (OM), soil organic matter (SOC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). Moreover, PTW-PuTR system had poor soil health and fertility than ZTW-DSAR. In first experiment, the ZTW yield was higher than PTW; Zn, SP in ZT improve grain yield 40% and 32.3% during first and second year, respectively. Grain Zn concentration increases by 38-58% with SA and FA, Zn. Residual effect of Zn on following rice crop improve grain yield by 19% in rice followed PTW-SA and ZTW-SA; and grain Zn concentration increased by 29% in rice followed ZTW-SA. In second experiment, B, SP in ZTW and SA in PTW increase 30.52% and 30.29% during first year; whereas 25-28% during second year, respectively. SA, FA, B increased grain B from 20-35% during both years; residual B increase rice grain yield by 36% in the ZTW-SA and PuTR-SA and grain B concentration by 30% in rice followed ZTW. In experiment 3, DSAR produced 21% and 24% higher yield than PuTR with SP and SA, Zn and grain Zn concentration increased by 57% with SA, Zn. Residual Zn effect on Zn increase grain yield by 40% in wheat followed by DSAR-SA; ZTW yield was 4.85% higher than PTW. In fourth experiment, DSAR produced higher yield than PuTR; moreover, SP and SA, Zn improved 34% and 28% respectively. Residual effect of B improved grain yield in ZTW followed by DSAR-SA by 15% and grain B concentration by 25% in wheat followed the DSAR-SA. The PuTR-PTW had poor soil structure due to highest soil bulk density, lowest soil porosity, the low OM, the SOC and MBN than DSAR-ZTW. In conclusion, switching from conventional to conservation tillage systems improved the profitability, productivity and soil health under the RWCS. Application of Zn and B and their carry over effect on following crops greatly contributed to enhance performance of rice and wheat under conservation tillage systems.