عالمی سیاست میں اسلامی ریاست کا کردار: سیرت نبوی کی روشنی میں ایک جائزہ

Islam is the name of goodwill, and Islamic state takes into consideration all benefits for their all inhabitants, belonging to this world or hereafter. In this regard an Islamic state has a status of mother, who keeps spirit of love for all his inhabitants and who doesn’t differentiate between Muslim and non-Muslim for the delivery of rights because the head of Islamic state or khalifa will be busy to emulate rules of owner Allah Almighty (S.W) and never interfere in the handover system nor seek any personal benefit, however he will be doing sincere effort to play his role the same way which is assigned to him. Since there is no existence of Muslim state in present day structure, so in this discussion it will be attempted to differentiate between an Islamic state and Muslims state in role and behavior, which will cover the following areas.  The structure of Islamic state and institutional principles  The role and status of an Islamic state in world politics  Present Muslims state’s status and their role in world politics and affairs as will.

Mode Identification Based Fault Diagnosis of Hybrid Systems

With technological advancements, modern engineering systems are improving in terms of performance, size and cost but at the expense of complexity; making their analysis and control extremely difficult. A fundamental issue regarding these systems is to ensure their safety and reliability due to their vulnerability to faults; owing to their complexity. The situation becomes even worse as the corresponding fault diagnosis algorithms are also becoming more complex and computationally expensive for the online implementation. The problem at hand is to design a simple, reliable and easy to implement fault detection and isolation scheme for these systems. One approach to design such a fault detection scheme for these complex engineering systems is to partition the system into simpler interacting subsystems and designing the desired fault diagnosis scheme for these simpler subsystems. Hybrid modeling provides us a platform to represent these complex engineering systems in simpler subsystems working collectively. Hybrid systems are those having both continuous and discrete dynamics. In these systems, discrete states are known as modes and switching between modes occurs on discrete events. In our proposed scheme, healthy and faulty modes are defined by estimating and analyzing continuous states of the system. This process of state estimation is performed by using Sliding Mode Observers (SMO). The monitoring of system modes is performed by designing a Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) that uses modes of the hybrid systems represented as symbols of a language, at its input. The proposed scheme is validated both through simulations and experimental data. Data for the experimental validation of the proposed scheme is acquired from an engine rig of a 1.3L production vehicle compliant with the On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD-II). Proposed scheme is easy to implement on account of being model-based. Instead of Kalman filter, SMO is used for the state estimation that is computationally cheaper. In general, there are two types of faults in hybrid systems; ones related to the current mode behavior and the others affecting the discrete evolution trajectory. In our design, we have detected both these faults using a single scheme by identifying and monitoring system modes. Moreover, detection and isolation of new faults can be easily accommodated by introducing new mode sequences in a fault set.