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Enhancement of English Writing Skills

Thesis Info

Author

Pervez, Aaliya

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2006

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727900125

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The way writing is done in our classrooms is very traditional, which means that teachers are the main source of knowledge while students are the passive recipients. This makes the classes teacher-centered in nature. Students face problems in ideas/vocabulary, as the topics given are not close to the real life situations. Most of the time, students are asked to write on experiences they have never had. According to Law and Eckes (1990), second language is learnt best when the setting is natural. When the writing is not relevant to the students' lives, they will find it difficult. Thus, writing in our classes is usually product-oriented'. The students do not go through the process of thinking and sharing ideas, writing and re-writing in order to improve their work. The first draft is usually considered the final draft. The purpose of my project was to enhance teachers' writing skills and to guide them to introduce process writing in their classes in order to make a shift from the product to the process, and to transform the students into independent writers. During the project, process writing was found to be a useful strategy, but it was time-consuming, which was the biggest problem in its implementation. It was difficult for the teachers to fit it into the existing situation, where the teachers are under constant pressure of completing the syllabus. However, apart from the inherent problems, the teachers learned a lot through co-planning, co-teaching, reflecting, and providing feedback to each other, thus showing that they also need opportunities and encouragement to enhance their teaching. Since I am a teacher of the same school, this project was a way forward for me as well for developing my own understanding in teaching writing as a process and working collaboratively with other teachers to sharpen their understanding. Through this project, I learnt that the writing process helps in developing learners' writing skills, if sufficient time is allocated to it, which no doubt is a difficult task under the present educational system.
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6 بولیاں

بولیاں

 

                پنجابی لوک گیتاں دی اک قسم بولیاں اے بولیاں جمع دا صیغہ اے۔ جیہدا واحد بولی اے تے جیدے کئی معنی نیں بولی دا لفظ زبان دے معنیاں وچ ورتیاں جاندا اے بولی پنجابی شاعری دی اوس قسم نوں کہندے نیں جیہدا صرف اکو مصرعہ ہوندا اے بولی اک مصرعہ ہون پاروں ردیف قافیہ نئیں ہوندا بعض کتاباں وچ بولی نوں دو مصرعے وچ ہیٹھ اُپر لکھیا جاندا اے انج لکھن وچ ہرج تے کوئی نئیں پر ویکھن والیاں نوں بھلیکھا پیندا اے کہ بولی دو مصرعیاں نال بن دی اے بھانویں اوہناں دویاں مصرعیاں وچ ردیف قافیہ نئیں ورتیا ہوندا۔

                ذرا ساہ لین نوں روک کے پڑھن نوں پنجابی وچ ورام آکھدے نیں چھوٹے مصرعیاں وچ ورام دی لوڑ نئیں پیندی پروڈے تے لمبے مصرعیاں وچ دو، دو رام وی آجاندے نیں ایس لئی بولی دے مصرعے نوں جیہڑا لماں وی ہوندا ایں اک ورام نال پڑھدے نیں جہناں نے ایس بولی نوں دو مصرعیاں وچ بنا دتا ایں اوہناں نے ورام نوں صحیح نہیں ورتیا۔

                ایہہ مثال ویکھو۔ بولی اے:

نمطية الخطاب العقائدي: التوحيد أنموذجا

يعد التوحيد سلطاناً على القلوب والنفوس ولا يكاد يدانيه في سلطانه وتأثيره شيء اخر الذي يجعل النفس الانسانية رقيباً على سلوك صاحبها، فان التوحيد هو أساس دعوة الأنبياء -عليهم السلام - التي انطلقوا منها في الدعوة إلى عبادة الله وتوحيده، فان الاعتقاد بهذا الاصل هو على رأس جميع الاعتقادات، ونجد حوارات جميع الانبياء بالدعوة إلى التوحيد امتازت بالوضوح وبالأسلوب المناسب لعقول المدعوين، وبالدلائل الواقعية، وسلاحهم في ذلك هو الكلمة التي تعبر عن الفكرة المأخوذة من واقعهم، المقرونة بإيقاظ الخوالج والوجدان التي عبر عنها الانبياء فكانت النبوات التي قادت هذا الإنسان ووجهته نحو التوحيد الذي به خلاص الفرد من كل ما يؤدي به إلى الصراع الداخلي ، والصراع الخارجي مع غيره، والمنقذ له من الحيرة والقلق، ولنقلهم من واقع لم يحقق إنسانيتهم إلى واقع يرفعهم إلى مستوى الإنسانية.

Improved Inference under Heteroscedasticity of Unknown Form Using a New Class of Bootstrap and Nonparametric Estimators

It is well-known that use of ordinary least squares for estimation of linear regression model with heteroscedastic errors, always results into inefficient estimates of the parameters. Additionally, the consequence that attracts the serious attention of the researchers is the inconsistency of the usual covariance matrix estimator that, in turn, results in inaccurate inferences. The test statistics based on such covariance estimates are usually too liberal i.e., they tend to over-reject the true null hypothesis. To overcome such size distortion, White (1980) proposes a heteroscedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimator (HCCME) that is known as HC0 in literature. Then MacKinnon and White (1985) improve this estimator for small samples by presenting three more variants, HC1, HC2 and HC3. Additionally, in the presence of influential observations, Cribari-Neto (2004) presents HC4. An extensive available literature advocates the use of HCCME when the problem of heteroscedasticity of unknown from is faced. Parallel to HCCME, the use of bootstrap estimator, namely wild bootstrap estimator is also common to improve the inferences in the presence of heteroscedasticity of unknown form. The present work addresses the same issue of inference for linear heteroscedastic models using a class of improved consistent covariance estimators, including nonparametric and bootstrap estimators. To draw improved inference, we propose adaptive nonparametric versions of HCCME, bias-corrected versions of nonparametric HCCME, adaptive wild bootstrap estimators and weighted version of HCCME using some adaptive estimator, already available in literature, namely, proposed by Carroll (1982). The performance of all the estimators is evaluated by bias, mean square error (MSE), null rejection rate (NRR) and power of test after conducting extensive Monte Carlo simulations.