Though geometry is one of the most important components of the school mathematics curriculum, there is lack of suitable teaching pedagogy for developing students' deductive reasoning in the lower secondary geometry classrooms (Fujita & Jones, 2004; Royal Society, 2001).This being the case, students face difficulties in coping with secondary school geometry which requires them to reason deductively while dealing with geometric figures, axioms, postulates and theorems. The purpose of the study is to enhance an eighth grade Mathematics teacher's understanding of developing her students' deductive reasoning in geometry, through the use of concrete materials. This study was conducted in a government school in Karachi, Pakistan, using the collaborative action research methodology. Data were collected through conducting semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, writing reflections and maintaining field-notes at the pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention stages of this study. The data were analyzed on an ongoing basis throughout the research process, which provided the basis for making a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of all the stages and activities of the action research. Findings of the study revealed that in order to help lower secondary students in developing their deductive reasoning, a teacher needs to develop both the theoretical as well as pedagogical understanding of teaching and learning of geometry. The understanding of the Van Hiele's model of geometric reasoning helped the participant teacher to explore her students' existing level of reasoning and plan her lesson accordingly. In addition, participation in this study helped the participant teacher acquire some understanding of developing students' deductive reasoning through the use of appropriate concrete materials, asking thought provoking questions and creating meaningful discussions among students with regard to the geometrical concepts included in the study. Moreover, the study explored issues like the use of the textbook, exam, and absence of teachers' accountability regarding their classroom teaching practices as hindering factors in the teaching and learning of geometry in a lower secondary mathematics classroom in Pakistan.
Sources of Quranic Narrates of Syda Mariam (AS): A Critical Analysis of Orientalistic Approach Origin of the Qur’ᾱnic narrates towards Mariam Virgin (AS) has broadly been under debate in orientalist studies. Orientalist, in general, have had the opinion that Qur’ᾱnic stories of virgin Mariam were not the divine revelation; these are plagiarized and utilized from Christian apocryphal sources and literature like Arabic Gospel of infancy and Protoevangelium of James. This research paper’s questions were that according to Orientalist: is it true that the sources of Qur’ᾱnic Stories of Mariam (AS) are plagiarized from apocryphal Christian literature and Quran has done mistake about name of Mariam (AS)'s father and brother. This research is historical and textual. In conclusion, if anyone who has sincerely studied dating apocryphal literature and its dating should be able to see that his sincerity negates taking data for making Qur'ᾱnic narrates towards virgin Mariam (AS) from Christian apocryphal impacts upon Qur'ᾱnic narrate and also this paper shows that Christian developed their apocryphal literature after revelation of Quran.
The facile method was used to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (Dox-Pt (0) NPs) which are stabilized by doxycycline. Platinum nitrate (PtNO3) with the addition of doxycycline was used to synthesize platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. The synthesized platinum nanoparticles were selected for antimicrobial activity using the qualitative well diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zone in mm against Gram positive bacteria such as S. aureus and S. pyogenes in Tryptic soy agar medium. The sterilized agar media was poured into Petri plates and allowed to solidify. On the surface of the media fresh microorganism cultures (108CFU ml-1, CFU, colony-forming units) were spread with the help of sterilized L-shaped glass loop. A cylinder glass pipette of 5 mm diameter (pre-sterilized) was used to bore cavities. The UV-vis-absorption spectroscopy was used to confirm the accumulation of (Dox-Pt (0) NPs) by exciting the distinctive Plasmon absorption maxima at 267nm. X-ray powder diffraction pattern confirmed the crystalline nature of prepared Pt (0) NPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study the synthesized nanoparticles of platinum. These Doxycycline stabilized platinum nanoparticles were used to check the antibacterial activity of Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes by comparing it with Doxycycline. The results showed the great tremendous effect against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes. These Doxycycline stabilized platinum nanoparticles (Dox-Pt (0) NPs) also showed its tremendous effects against anti-cancer therapies.