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Enquiry - Based Teaching: Heart of Critical Thinking

Thesis Info

Author

Hasil, Rehmat

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727902369

Similar


Critical thinking (CT) is one of the important dimensions and goals of education which is expected of the students. It has been studied and reported that due to traditional teaching strategies, students think in ‘black and white’ (Dean, 2007) and rote memorisation has become part of our education system (Aly, 2007). Critical thinking requires an environment where students are engaged in different challenging and thoughtful tasks. There are different strategies to engage students in activities like; discussion, debate, reading, problem solving and enquiry. To study how enquiry-based teaching facilitates students’ CT, an action research was conducted with Grade VIII science students in Ibn-e-Sina Government High School, Karachi, as part of my M.Ed. course at AKU-IED. There were 32 students in the class and 26 of them willingly participated in this study. Pre and post interviews of five of the participants, one class observation and six teachings were the data collection steps of this study. The data revealed that the existing teaching practises in that class were more teacher-oriented which hindered students’ critical thinking. However, the data at the intervention stage indicates that enquiry facilitates CT of students by developing their skills of data collection and data evaluation, argumentation and questioning, and also shifting their attitude from teacher dependency to self-learning. It is important to provide students with opportunities to learn by experiencing and sharing their ideas fearlessly. This study data informs that enquiry enhances students’ autonomy to learn from each other and on their own. There is an intense need to shift the teaching and learning process from teacher centredness to learner centredness to make them critical thinkers, and enquiry is one of the most effective teaching and learning processes which ensures learners’ centrality. However, teachers’ CT and pedagogical skills are indispensable to implement enquiry-based teaching in real and large classrooms.
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خواجہ غلام السیدین

خواجہ غلام السیدین
افسوس ہے کہ خواجہ غلام السیدین بھی دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، ان کی موت علمی دنیا کا اندوہناک حادثہ ہے، وہ علی گڑھ کی بہترین پیداوار اور اس کا مثالی نمونہ تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ان میں علم و فضل، فکر و نظر، تقریر و تحریر، تالیف و تصنیف بہت سے کمالات جمع کردیئے تھے، اردو اور انگریزی دونوں زبانوں میں ان کو بڑی قدرت تھی، تعلیم کے ماہر خصوصی تھے، ان کے خیالات میں گہرائی کے ساتھ بڑا اعتدال و توازن تھا اور وہ مغربی تعلیم اور مشرقی تہذیب کا سنگم تھے، وہ نئے دور کی پیداوار تھے اور جدید علوم و افکار میں مہارت کے ساتھ راسخ العقیدہ مسلمان بھی تھے، ان کے دل میں اپنے مذہب و ملت کا درد تھا، اگرچہ بعض مسائل میں وہ جدید خیالات سے متاثر تھے، لیکن اسلام کی ترجمانی کا پورا حق ادا کرتے تھے، انھوں نے قلم و زبان دونوں سے مذہب و ملت کی خدمت انجام دی، ان کو ہندوستان اور اس کے باہر بڑے بڑے علمی اعزاز حاصل ہوئے اور مختلف علمی، تعلیمی، مذہبی اور ادبی موضوعات پر انگریزی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں میں تصنیفی یادگار چھوڑیں، ان کی تصانیف بڑی فکر انگیز ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت اور دنیا کی طرح آخرت کی سربلندی سے بھی سرفراز فرمائے، یوں تو آئے دن موتیں ہوتی رہتی ہیں، مگر جب کوئی معاصر اور ہم عمر اٹھتا ہے تو اپنا وقت بھی قریب نظر آتا ہے۔
بہت آگے گئے باقی جو ہیں تیار بیٹھے ہیں
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء)

 

اسلام اور ہندومت میں تصور عبادت

Ll religions without any exceptions have one or the other concept of worship of God or gods. Islam explains why and how Allah alone should be worshipped and obeyed. Hinduism can hardly be defined as to its idea of worshipping gods and goddesses. Yet, keeping in view the widely-known aud expressed system of worship in Hinduism and the true concept of worship in Islam one may see between them some similarities but so many dissimilarities. This article is to identify and explain those similarities and dissimilarities between Islamic concept of worship and Hindu philosophy of worship

Flexible Low Noise Amplifier for Software Defined Radio

The wide variety of applications and the consumer demand for higher data rates has led to the emergence of newer wireless communication standards, usage of different frequency bands, and latest modulation schemes. This demands a multistandard unit that should be flexible to cope up with the existing and newly launched wireless communication standards. Such a unit is termed as a Software-Defined Radio (SDR). For portability and affordability, this unit needs to be cost effective, smaller, and consume low power. The CMOS technology, which is low-cost, highly integrable, consumes relatively small power, achieves extremely high speed, is a suitable option for the design of multistandard radio devices. The research in this thesis focuses on the design of CMOS based LNAs, suitable for flexible radio terminals like Software-Defined Radio. Three low-noise amplifier RFIC''s are realized of which the first two are designed in 130 nm CMOS technology from IBM, while the third is designed in 150 nm CMOS technology from LFoundry. A novel, stacked connection of CG Amplifiers is proposed to achieve wideband input matching. Stacking allows an input matching at half the transconductance and current, in contrast to the conventional common-gate LNAs. Results depict a high gain, 2 GHz of bandwidth, small NF with extremely low power consumption. A novel, low-power, current-reuse, noise-cancelling, UWB LNA, which utilizes only two individually biased stages, is proposed. This LNA performs noise cancellation to break the tradeoff between the input matching and the noise figure, in addition to providing the 50 Ω output matching for measurement, without the need of an additional buffer. In the first IC tape-out, a novel and extremely simple FDC technique is proposed, which includes a diodeconnected transistor in the feedforward network. The diode-connected transistor generates third-order distortion components in an opposite polarity with respect to those produced by the main amplifier. As a result, the third-order intercept point is improved. This LNA finds application in tunable multistandard radio receivers. In the second IC tape-out, a modified resistive shunt feedback LNA is proposed and analyzed. The proposed LNA, with an active feedback, performs noise and distortion cancellation to improve the noise figure, and the third-order intercept point, in contrast to a resistive shunt architecture. Detailed mathematical analysis for the modified input impedance, noise, and distortion-cancellation are presented with the measured results. In the third IC tape-out, a low-power LNA is proposed for MIMO and Phase Array applications. It is the first ever implementation of a positive feedback CG LNA in a single-ended configuration, which avoids balun thus, saves chip area, cost, and does not degrade receiver''s sensitivity. It is demonstrated mathematically for the first time that positive feedback can partially cancel the noise of the input matching CG transistor. Novel analysis for the LNA is performed using the return ratio concept. The wideband, low-power, low-noise, and highly linear LNAs proposed in this research, pave the way towards the implementation of a multistandard Software-Defined radio.