تحديات العولمة للشباب ومواجهتها في ضوء السيرة النبوية

Challenges are part of the ways of life, and the Islamic world is suffering of the rupture and differentiates internal conflicts, and the chaos of thought and delayed civilization. The most prominent of these challenges, which the Islamic world is facing, is the phenomenon of globalization. Which included the three worlds, and sought to dominate them, and melt the people’s properties and this is what precipitated the emergence of numerous drawbacks, and the researcher specially mentioned, negative aspects of identity, ethics and the environment. Young people who are the hope and asset of this nation are able to turn dreams into realities, and hopes to practical projects, and ambitions to the visible achievements. They are worthwhile, and the most capable and powerful to meet these challenges. If they grasp the necessary requirements that qualify and stables them to face it and take advantage of its goodness, and avoid disadvantage. But if they stationed, and failed to do their duty, they offered loss and destruction to themselves and nation. Curriculum should be prepared in accordance with the system of Islamic values, which are the individual configuration integrated, in belief, thought, and behavior, and attention to the development of the curriculum, and make it combines tradition and modernity, and the distinction between fixed and variable, and have superior mental abilities. All these issues are addressed in this research the negative impact of globalization on the environment, ethics and then showed the importance of taking care of the human development of young people, through various training programs that earn young people skills, science, and sophisticated learning methodical thinking, proper planning, and positive participation in society, and carry responsibility, and foster in them the ability to dialogue and to develop in them the spirit of creativity and scientific research and rational dealing with crises, and tribulations, and the ability to solve problems and meet the challenges of globalizatio

Morpho-Physiological Characterization of Citrus Rootstocks under Different Moisture Regimes

Drought is a severe problem for the citrus industry in Pakistan. The major citrus rootstocks being used in Pakistan were not yet properly standardized against drought stress, and citrus farmers of water scarce areas feel difficulty in finding suitable rootstocks. So there was a need to find rootstock for water-limited environments. Keeping in view the said problems, a study was conducted in Pakistan and the United States of America (USA) on twenty citrus rootstocks. The first experiment was conducted in the PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan where ten six month of age rootstocks (raised from seed) under plastic tunnel were evaluated in 3 liter pots against four available % water capacities (100, 70, 40 and 10) in soil. A tensiometer was used for monitoring soil field capacity (FC) as well. A completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replicates was laid out. The second experiment was conducted in the USA where ten citrus progeny rootstocks (raised from seeds) taken from the University of California Riverside were transplanted into polyvinyl chloride pipes filled with sand plus turface with a ratio of 70:30 respectively. These were evaluated against three field capacities, where 500 ml water was provided after 3, 5 and 7 days interval and was termed as high, medium and low FC % respectively. An experimental design CRD with three treatments and five replicates was used in a glass house. After two months of transplantations, data regarding morpho-physiological, leaf gas exchange rate, leaf water potential (LWP) and biochemical parameters were collected for both experiments. The xylem diameter plays a vital role in water up take, so it was made part of study. The scanning of xylem diameter of the salient citrus rootstocks was done at the end xxii of experiment in USA by scanning electron microscope to find out their interactions with the stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductivities. All assessed parameters were highly affected under drought conditions. Results depicted that rootstock performance showed phenotypic variation in water stress response. Generally, linear and positive correlations between water levels and morpho-physiological responses of citrus rootstocks phenotypes were expressed. Resistant rootstocks (Savage citrange, Rough lemon, Flying dragon, Citron citrange and Gada dehi) exhibited maximized stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), and relative water contents (RWC) %. In addition, a sharp increase in proline and a minimized electrolyte leakage percentage were also expressed by said rootstocks. Savage citrange, Gada dehi, Flying dragon and Citron citrange could be an option for water scarce soils other than Rough lemon in Pakistan. Moreover, the broadly cultivated rootstock Rough lemon‟s laboratory and field performance still showed potential against drought in Pakistan and USA. Rootstock C-35 followed by Skw X Eng. trifoliate, Rich trifoliate and Rubidoux trifoliate proved good under least water regime in USA and expressed drought tolerant physio-chemical indicators with respect to stomatal conductance, LWP, RWC percentage, proline and minerals. Brazilian Sour Orange which is well `grown in Pakistan showed low performance against changing water regime in USA. Xylem electron micrographs depicted that the xylem diameter was more positively correlated with water potential than stomatal conductance, and xylem vessels of the water resistant rootstocks were in more organized form than that of sensitive rootstocks.