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Exploring Students Transition Experiences from Primary School to Secondary School in a Government Secondary School of Karachi

Thesis Info

Author

Yousuf, Mohammad

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727916384

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The study aimed to explore the factors which facilitate or hinder students' transition from primary to secondary school. It was conducted in a Government Secondary School in Karachi, where students from feeder primary schools were given admission in grade six of the students' transition secondary school. Data was generated through two main methods. First, a small scale descriptive survey was self-administered with all the students of Grade Six. Second, in-depth interviews were taken of selected students, teachers, and head teacher. Observations were also undertaken of the school activities inside and outside the classroom. The data were systematically analyzed to identify emerging patterns and themes. Findings showed that the students' transition from primary school to secondary school is facilitated or hindered by factors in three main categories. These are: Physical factors (distance from home to school, school building and cleanliness, use of playground, water and washrooms facilities, and canteen facility); Social factors (friendship among the children, student-teacher relationship and students-head teacher relationship, school rules and notions of discipline leading to emotions such as fear); and academic factors (examinations patterns, weaknesses in reading and writing skills, changes in subjects and subject teachers, primary school examinations, grouping students on the basis of abilities). 1) Transition from primary to the secondary school is as a process and not a one off event; findings showed that process of transition continued, as students continue to observe and experience change due to physical, social including emotional and academic factors. 2) Transition is a complex and multi-dimensional because physical, various academic and social factors come together to affect the students' experiences in a complex and holistic manner. Moreover, issues emerge due to school policies such as admission to Grade Six of students with a wide range in academic development and age. The study raises several major issues and implications for policy and practice in teacher education and school heads.
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حضرت رائج سیالکوٹی

حضرت رائج سیالکوٹی کو شعر و سخن میں مقام ارفع حاصل ہے۔ رائج مرزا بیدل اور حضرت شاہ آفرین کے ساتھ ہم طرح تھے۔ زیادہ ہجو ہی لکھتے تھے۔ کلام میں آمد بہت زیادہ تھی۔ آپ سو سال کی عمر میں ۱۷۳۳ء میں فوت ہوئے(۳) حاکم لاہوری نے ان کی تاریخ وفات یوں نکالی۔

’’رفت رائج بعالم باقی‘ (۴)

اردو میں بھی شعر کہتے تھے لیکن فارسی کلام کی طرف زیادہ توجہ تھی۔ ان کا اردو کلام مفقود ہے۔ منشی محمد دین فوق نے ان کے دیوان کے متعلق علامہ اقبالؒ سے ۴ مارچ ۱۹۳۳ء میں ایک خط کے ذریعے استفسار کیا۔ جواباً انہوں نے کہا کہ میں نے رائج کا دیوان فارسی میں خاصا ضخیم دیکھا ہے۔ (۵)

۳۔           ایضاً ‘ ص : ۲۹۵

۴۔           ایضاً‘ ص: ۲۹۵

۵۔           ایضاً ‘ ص: ۲۹۵

 

الارھاب: اسبابه و علاجه السلام اساس الاسلام

Terrorism is such a dangerous disease that has destroyed peace of many nations of the world. Terrorism, in all its forms, is condemnable. The author of this paper tried to encompass all the important factors and causes, which generate and consolidate terrorism in its different forms. This paper presents various causes of the phenomenon of terrorism, which include the material causes, the psychological causes, the behavioral causes, the political causes, the social causes, the economic causes and the ideological causes. The last segment of this dissertation discusses the remedies of the problem of terrorism. The necessary measures and suggestions have been suggested by the author to control the monster of terrorism. These includes to promote a moderate religious approach through education and preaching; to remove the misconception of the west against Islām; to refine our education and teaching methods by including relevant psychology and morality; our youth needs to use their energy in the social welfare activities to save them from becoming a victim of extremists and terrorists for having no purpose of life and for being idle; the Muslim rulers need to get close to their masses and remove alienation; a confident, unanimous condemnation from the responsible circles of the society should be promulgated; the youth must not rebel against their rulers and must not indulge in the matters of excommunication.

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections are a growing worldwide issue. Especially ESBL- producer and carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae CRKP have been recognized as a hazard over the past decade. These MDR K. pneumoniae can cause serious infections, prolong hospital stay resulting in increased cost of the treatment and increased mortality. It is need of the hour to evaluate the presence of MDR K. pneumoniae in healthcare settings and understand the molecular epidemiology of these MDR K. pneumoniae to form strategies to decrease the overall burden of infections caused by these opportunistic bacteria. Current study was carried out to characterize the MDR K. pneumoniae encountered at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. For this purpose, 252 sequentially encountered K. pneumoniae received at the Microbiology laboratory at a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad were collected over a period of six months. The basic patient demographics such as gender, age, specimen and ward were recorded. Susceptibility profiles were determined using disk diffusion method against routinely used antibiotics. PCR amplifications were performed for ESBL genes, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M. PCR amplifications were performed for carbapenemase genes, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaBIC, blaAIM, blaDIM, blaGIM and blaSIM. PCR amplifications were performed for PMQR genes, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrC, qnrD, qepA, oqxAB and aac(6′)-Ib-cr. Sequencing method was used to identify variants of ESBL and carbapenemase genes. PCR amplification and sequencing of porin genes with promotor regions of OmpK35 and OmpK36 of CRKP without any carbapenemase production was performed to identify variations. ERIC-PCR was performed and dendrograms were made using Gelcompar II, for the purpose of investigating the clonal relatedness among MDR isolates. Multilocus sequence typing was performed for seven loci for the determination of sequence types of a subgroup of isolates Page xvi encoding genes for carbapenemases. Plasmid replicon typing was performed for the carbapenemase producer K. pneumoniae. Plasmid stability testing was performed by serial passage without antibiotic selection for up to 100 generations to observe loss of carbapenemase encoding plasmid in MDR isolates. PCR amplification was used to confirm loss of plasmid. Cost of the plasmid was calculated in isolates with a loss of plasmid in stability testing. A subset of carbapenemase encoding isolates was selected for the whole genome sequencing using Illumina Miseq. The genetic environment of resistance markers was studies, identification of virulence markers, plasmid analysis and porin analysis using CLC genomic workbench. PacBio sequencing was performed for one isolate to study the genetic makeup of the strain. Susceptibility testing of Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance i.e. 78% MDR and 1% XDR. Highest resistance was observed against cephalosporins while colistin and tigecycline were found to be the most effective antibiotics in-vitro. Of all MDR isolates, 91% were ESBL positive and 55% of MDR K. pneumoniae encoded for carbapenemases. The most prevalent ESBL was found to be CTX-M-1 and the most prevalent carbapenemase was found to be NDM-1. Other ESBL identified included SHV- and TEM (IRT). Other carbapenemases included OXA-48-like and VIM-type. Variants included CTX-M-15, CTX-M-14, SHV-12, SHV-33, SHV-132, SHV-76, IRT (Inhibitor resistant TEM), NDM-1, OXA-48, OXA-181, VIM-1 and VIM-34. A high prevalence of PMQR i.e. 84% of MDR K. pneumoniae carried at least one PMQR gene while one isolate encoded for qnrD gene. The porin analysis of 15 CRKP not encoding carbapenemase showed that eleven of these either have a premature stop codon in one of the porins (n=7) or one of the porin genes couldn’t be amplified (due to loss of porin/ large sequence insertion). These disruptions may be the reason behind the carbapenem resistance. Previously described variants ompK36_v4 and ompK36_v5 were also found in two isolates. MDR isolates included five major clonal complexes comprising of 15-27 isolates, made up almost half (47%) of MDR isolates. The MLST of 33 K. pneumoniae gave 9 sequence types with 19 isolates belonging to CC11/CC258. ST29 and ST147 were found to be the major sequence types. Page xvii BlaNDM-1 was encoded by sequence types, ST29, ST147, ST437, ST340 and ST628. BlaOXA-48 was encoded by ST893 and ST43 while blaOXA-181 by ST147. Carbapenemase VIM- was encoded by ST147, ST37 and ST1787. Plasmid replicon typing of carbapenemase producers showed the genes encoded by a variety of Inc groups previously associated with these genes. The plasmid stability analysis showed that blaNDM-1 was stable in all isolates over 100 generations. On the other hand blaOXA-48 in one isolate and blaVIM-1 in two isolates was found to be unstable. Cost was observed for blaOXA-48 and one of the blaVIM-1 isolate. The cost for blaVIM-1 K. pneumoniae was statistically significant. All isolates selected for WGS carried a number of resistance markers with porin variations and encoded for a number of virulence markers predicting the pathogenic nature of these isolates. ICEs were found to be responsible for the transfer of resistance markers between isolates. A novel mutation Q336H was identified in PmrB gene of colistin resistant isolates. A novel variant of OXA-1 with Arg155Ile mutation was also identified. A variant of blaOXA-48 harboring plasmid pKPoxa-48N1 was identified. We were able to explore further the blaNDM-1 harboring plasmid pPN66-Ecl-NDM-1 identified previously in E. coli from Pakistan and a number of resistance markers including aacA4, sul1 and rmtC were identified upstream of blaNDM-1. A complete analysis of DA48996, a ST147 MDR K. pneumoniae was performed in comparison with a previously described PDR isolate MS6671 from UAE. The analysis showed that both isolates were very closely related with 46 individual differences between genomes and 14 structural variations. Important mutations in efflux pumps, MarA S50G and RcSC L60M were identified while two mutations were missing in DA48896, AcrR R18L and MarA V26D. This may have been the basis of difference in the resistance state of both isolates. DA48896 carried variants of 3 of the 5 plasmids (missing MS6671 plasmid A (LN824134) and C (LN824136)) of K. pneumoniae MS6671 but in addition also three plasmids not found in MS6671 A variant of plasmid pMS6671_E was identified as pDA48896_1 with >70 kbp insertion carrying multiple resistance markers. The variations between the two isolates could explain the transformation of MDR isolate to PDR isolate over time. Hence DA48896 represents an intermediate stage towards pan-drug resistance.