Producing highly skilled, competent teachers in developing countries, such as Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan, requires an on-going teacher education, training and support. A number of research studies indicate that mentoring provides a highly useful service for teachers in their continuing education. As such, mentoring has been widely accepted as a process to support beginning teachers' professional development. However, little is known in developing countries about what mentoring is, and to what extent it brings improvement in teaching and learning. Therefore, in this particular case study was designed to explore the contribution of mentoring in facilitating the beginning teachers' teaching practice and the improvement that this can bring in the students' learning outcomes, in a developing country's context. The study is largely based on interview data provided by a mentor and two mentee teachers who were the participants of this study. During the study, the mentee teachers disclosed the factors, that they perceived to be the most influential in affecting their progress as teachers. In line with many research studies, this particular research confirms that the attitude and skills of a mentor are a critical factor in raising the confidence and self-esteem of beginning teachers. The findings of the study indicate that mentoring creates a model for extending the learning process and, thus, it evolves to serve a pivotal function for nurturing the beginning teachers' professional development, in their initial years of experience in the classroom. The study pays particular attention to the impact of the mentoring process on improving the students' learning, and suggests a number of strategies for further improving the students' learning outcomes. Based on the results of the research findings, the study confirms that improvement in beginning teachers' teaching practice produces substantial improvement in students' learning outcomes. In addition, some recommendations and implications have been drawn from the study, so as to contribute to the betterment of the mentoring process in Pakistani schools and also in schools in Kyrgyzstan.
ایمان لانے کے بعد انسان پر سب سے پہلے عبادت کا ادا کرنا لازم ہے ہر مذہب میں عبادت کا ایک خاص طریقہ ہوتا ہے جو مخصوص طریقے کے ساتھ ادائیگی کا حکم دیا جاتا ہے اسی طرح اسلام میں بھی نماز، روزہ، حج اور زكوة عبادات کی مختلف طرق ہیں اصل عبادت کی غایت یہ ہے کہ معبود صرف اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ ہی کو ماننا ، صرف اسی کی عبادت کرنا ہر چیز میں اسی سے مدد طلب کرنا اسی کو حاجت روا اور مشکل کشا سمجھنا اسی کو مالک، خالق اور رب تسلیم کرنا اسی سے التجاء کرنا، ہر چیز کے لئے اسی کو پکارنا اور یہ یقین رکھنا کہ اللہ کے سوا کسی کے دائرہ اختیار میں کوئی چیز نہیں ہے اگر وہ نفع پہنچانا چاہے تو اسے کوئی روکنے والا نہیں ہے اور اگر ضرر پہنچائے تو اس کو کوئی ہٹانے والا نہیں ہے ہر طرح کی عبادت مثلاً قیام، رکوع، سجدہ صرف اسی کے لئے خاص ہے اور کسی اور کے سامنے جھکنا جائز نہیں۔
انسانوں سے اللہ تعالیٰ نے انکی تخلیق سے پہلے ایک وعدہ لیا تھا جس کا ذکر قرآن مجید میں یوں مذکور ہے:
In human life, family relations are of basic importance. In the Islamic Law, the proportion of rights and obligations amongst the relatives is in accordance with human nature. The nature of relations amongst family members has been brought into light with Islamic and Natural perspectives. Amongst those rights and obligations, the responsibility for expense is of primary importance, because its clear understanding illustrates the reality of all the family relations which causes the positive effects on the whole society. In this article, by discussing the expense (rights and obligations) of relatives, the Islamic instructions, basic philosophy, general effects, necessity and its importance has been brought into light. All facts have been presented under two heads of expense (rights) of wife and expense (rights) of the relatives. But, in the light of Quran and Hadith, it has been agreed by all the Islamic Jurisprudents, upon the necessity/obligation/ compulsion of the right of expense for the relatives just like the right of expense for a wife. In this article and attempt has been made to clarify that, in a family setup, how much importance has to be given to the rights and duties/obligations of a wife?
The water resources of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) of Pakistan, are highly sensitive and vulnerable to climate change that can severely impact the food security and livelihood of millions living downstream. So it has become pertinent to understand the hydrometeorological behavior and assess future water resources and its variability under climate change scenarios. This study was designed to analyze the hydrometeorological trends and assess the changes in the contrasting hydrological regime of snow and glacier-fed river catchments of Hunza and Astore River basins of UIB under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate change scenarios. In this study, fully distributed TOPKAPI model has been used that incorporates the glaciers component and generates all hydrological cycle parameters at very high spatial and temporal scale. MODIS snow cover product (years 2001 to 2015) and field-based hydrological (19662012) and meteorological data (1999-2012) was used to investigate the trend and magnitude of hydrometeorological variables using nonparametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s Slope methods. The TOPKAPI model was successfully calibrated and validated over five years 1999-2003 with a Nash coefficient ranging from 0.93-0.94. The representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios of the IPCC were used to project the future trend of hydro-meteorological variables. The Astore River discharge and precipitation trend were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased with a Sen’s slope value of 1.039 m3·s−1·yr−1 and 0.192 mm·yr−1, respectively, while the temperature was non-significantly (p ≥ 0.05) increased with the Sen’s slope value of 0.041 °C·yr−1. On the other hand, the Hunza River discharge and temperature significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with a Sen’s slope value of −2.541 m3·s−1·yr−1 and −0.034 °C·yr−1, respectively, while precipitation showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) increasing trend with a Sen’s slope value of 0.023 mm·yr−1. The snow cover in Western Himalayas (Astore River basin) and Central Karakoram region (Hunza River basin) of the UIB had a stable and slightly increasing trend with a Sen’s slope of 0.07%.yr−1 and 0.394%.yr−1, respectively. Under RCP 4.5 and 8.5, the increasing trend in mean temperature was observed in study area with a value of 0.03 °C.yr1 and 0.12 °C.yr-1, respectively. Overall the increasing trend in annual discharge of Astore River and decreasing trend of snow cover was observed under RCPs. Whereas the Hunza River basin followed the same snow cover and discharge trend under RCP 8.5 while under RCP 4.5 the snow cover is decreasing with an increasing trend of the Hunza River discharge till 2070, and then decline in discharge was observed during far future scenario. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that since both sub-basins are influenced by different climatological systems (monsoon and westerly), therefore results of those studies where UIB is treated as one unit in hydrometeorological modeling should be used with caution. Furthermore, this study can help to resolve the Karakoram anomaly and potentially be utilized to develop water policy and planning new water harvesting and storage structures, to reduce the risk of flooding.