فصل دوم : حدود قوانین کے عدم نفاذ کی وجوہات
پاکستان میں اسلامی قوانین کی عملی تنفیذ کا اگر جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات سامنے آتی ہے کہ اس حوالے سے سب سے زیا دہ کوششیں محمد ضیاء الحق کے دور میں ہوئی ہیں ۔ اس گیارہ سالہ دور اقتدار میں اسلامی قانون سازی کے لیے کئی اقدامات کیے گئے ۔ ضیاء الحق کا سیاسی کردار اور قانون سازی کے سلسلے میں کیے گئے اقدامات کے اسباب ومحرکات اپنی جگہ، لیکن یہ کہے بغیر نہیں رہا جا سکتا کہ انہوں نے فی الواقع اسلامی قوانین کے لیے جو اقدامات کیے ان کے مثبت نتائج برآمد ہوئے ہیں ، تاہم اس حوالے سے مختلف آراء پائی جاتی ہیں ۔ افرط و تفریط سے بچتے ہوئے اگر غیر جانبداری اور معروضیت سے جائزہ لیا جائے تو قانون سازی کے سلسلے میں ان کے قابل قدر اقدامات کے باوجود معاشرے پر نمایاں اثرات نظر نہیں آئے ۔ اس کی مندرجہ ذیل چندوجوہات ہو سکتی ہیں:
الف) ضیاء الحق قوانین کو اسلامیانے کےپروگرام کے حق میں عوام کو فعال طریقے سے متحرک نہ کر سکے ۔ اس کی کئی وجوہات ہو سکتی ہیں ، جن میں سے ایک وجہ یہ ہےکہ ان کا تعلق فوج سے تھا اور وہ عوامی مینڈیٹ لے کر نہیں آئے تھے، نہ انہوں نے سیاسی جماعت بنانے یا کسی سیاسی جماعت کو اپنانے یا عوام سے براہ راست رابطہ قائم کرنے کی کو شش کی ۔ ایک ریفرنڈم انہوں نے اس مقصد کے لیے ضرور کرایا لیکن وہ اتنا مصنو عی تھا کہ وہ اپنا وزن منوانہ سکا ۔
ب)انہیں فعال اور مؤثر دینی عناصر کی حمایت بھی حا صل نہ تھی ۔ اس کی متعدد وجوہ ہوسکتی ہیں لیکن یہ بھی ایک حقیقت ہے کہ اس ملک میں دینی حوالے سے کوئی کام...
The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.
Financial distress is an active research area particularly for business community of Pakistan due to economic conditions, electricity shortage and political situation. Banks are also taking keen interest in this area after the global financial crisis of year 2008. Therefore, the question that how financial distress can be predicted accurately has been widely debated by many scholars by using traditional statistical models. However, earlier research has not adequately addressed the issue of predicting financial distress. Adding to that the rate of financial distress is also getting harder to estimate by using traditional statistical models, because firms are becoming more complex and creating refined plans to hide their real financial situation. To prevent this condition latest prediction models are adopted by many countries which can give early indication of firm?s financial distress with highly accurate results. In this regard, prediction of financial distress by Neural Network Model is not much explored in Pakistan for foreseeing the financial health of firms. This paper addresses this issue and uses Neural Network Model to predict financial distress of firms in Pakistan by selecting suitable independent variables.
The sample of 22 private sector conventional banks listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange is selected. The time series financial statements of these banks are selected for 15 years (2001 to 2015).Selected sample time frame is (pre-crisis 2001-2007), (crisis 2008) and (post-crisis 2009-2015). To test first hypothesis,4 Altman''s ratios from revised Altman''s Z-Score Model are calculated from these financial statements of selected banks. This study used three layered Neural Network Model consisting of input layer, hidden layer and output layer. The 4 independent explanatory variables/ input are 4 Altman''s ratios and 1 dependent variable/output is probable financial distress. After determining the Neural Network architecture, cross-validation re-sampling procedure is used to train, validate, and test a Neural Network by using commerciallyavailable MATLAB software. The best and most appropriate Neural Networks model, constructed by combining input variables of 4 Altman''s ratios, resulted in the R value of 0.99 that shows a relatively high accuracy given the error ratio in the input variables. These results confirmed the second hypothesis. By testing third hypothesis, distressed and non distressed banks are correctly classified with reference to Altman?s ratio