Reading is an interactive- constructive process in which readers comprehend, interpret, and respond to the text according to what they already know. Effective readers have personal expectations about what they will get from a selection, and they bring those expectations to bear as they read by predicting and testing their predictions. The children actively create meaning by constructing, or generating relationship between what is within the text and what they already know. Some researchers describe reading as a ;transaction, (Rosenblatt 1988) in which meaning emerges from a give and take relationship between the reader and the print on the page. The interaction between the reader and the text allowed reader to construct their own meaning background Knowledge and experience according to there. This research was therefore conducted to identify strategies that were being implemented by the teacher to develop reading comprehension in students. And how, the teachers could be facilitated to improve their teaching strategies to enhance students reading comprehension skills. This study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 dealt with implementing strategies that could develop comprehension skills through stories in an ESL classroom. Story helps to develop language in the classroom, as Meek (1988) points out, ;Stories encourage them to take on new meaning regularly in a context of shared enjoyment. They learn about language and the different ways it is used. (P.37) They learn new language of stories, which is different from everyday spoken language. Gradually children take possession of the language of books and they begin to learn vital lessons about the reading process Phase II was an exploration of how to facilitate the teacher in her professional development. For enhancing her knowledge about implementing effective strategies like predicting, questioning, silent reading and group work, to develop children reading comprehension. The findings revealed the teachers understanding and her changes in her perception throughout the course of the study. And how this study helped her to professionally develop her style of teaching in order to get the desired children's reading comprehension. The findings also revealed that as a result of teacher development and reflection on practice, the teacher could change her conception and her approaches to the teaching of reading comprehension skills.
نعت آپؐ کی وجہ سے! روشنی میں شگوفے کھل رہے ہیں سبز وادیوں میں! روایتوں ، تلازموں کے قافلے! جگنوئوں ، تتلیوں میں خیمہ زن رہتے ہیں آپ محبوب رب العالمیں۔۔۔! آپؐ کی وجہ سے انجیر و زیتون میں زندگی رواں ہے گلِ مریم کے دریچوں میں! سوسن و نسترن کی حقیقتوں میں! آپؐ کے نام کی سبز زمانے تسبیح کر رہے ہیں شہر معصوم کا طواف کرتے ہوئے! خانقاہ عشق میں اعتکاف کرتے ہوئے! خوشبو کی آبرو۔۔۔بہار کی آرزو! درِ معصوم سے فسوں کی خیرات لیتی ہے درِ قبول کے روبرو! پرندے اذانوں میں۔۔۔کشش کاف کے الہامی ایوانوں میں! آپؐ کے نام کی گواہی دیتے ہوئے! صبح وشام درود و سلام پڑھتے رہتے ہیں
The enmity and differences among nations have risen along with the increasing distances among people. Therefore, the need of hour is to develop the spirit of harmony and understanding among the followers of revealed religions. The Messengers and Prophets were designated by Allah to promote and promulgate, justice, tolerance, love and harmony among His creations. Islam is a religion based on characteristics of peace, love, respect, tolerance, dignity and denial of extremism, which are in the contemporary world ideal for interaction among nations. Islam teaches to respect all the religions and prophets to maintain and sustain the peace and harmony. The advanced technology of modern world and inventions demand intense responsibility to maintain and enhance the better human relations in Political, Social, Economic, Religious, and Cultural spheres of life. The present article envisions all those dimensions, which are essential for interfaith harmony.
Enhanced effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals is the most sought-after attribute in the field of enantioselective synthesis of chiral molecules where single enantiomer (R or S) is required, for which asymmetric catalysis is an attractive way. The synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds in traditional way is difficult, costly and time-consuming process involving the running of long columns which create a lot of waste that causes water pollution. The selectivity of products are equally depends upon the catalyst and conditions of the reaction which makes the task harder for selecting and finding new catalytic system. Present work deals with the development of six families of chiral ligands libraries for rapid recognition of the best system, by using combinatorial chemistry, during hydrogenation of ketones, a starting material and as intermediate in a number of pharmaceutical processes. The ligands were both generated in situ and in pure form for the comparison of results and were obtained by simple condensation, providing one of the starting materials being chiral. Six families namely; bisimine, diamine, aminal, imine, iminophosphine and oxazoline were synthesized and tested in presence of Zn(II), Rh(I) and Rh(III) by using polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), diphenylsilane and formic acid/sodium formate as hydrogen donor species for transfer hydrogenation during synthesis of selective chiral alcohols from achiral acetophenone. Overall 1566 catalytic systems were developed and subsequently tested and the yield and enantiomeric excesses were found by using 1H NMR and chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) respectively with more than 90% ee and 99% conversion as the best result for imine and aminal ligands. It has been proven that ligands synthesized in-situ gave comparable and almost same results to purified version with best reproducibility.