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Implementation of an Integrated Curriculum

Thesis Info

Author

David, Maria Josephine

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1999

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727943988

Similar


This study is based on the investigation of the process of implementation of an integrated curriculum. The fieldwork for the study was done in one of the private school Karachi, Pakistan. A total of seven participants and three classrooms for observations were included in this study. Interviews, observations and document analysis were the major tools for collecting data. As a result of the qualitative analysis of the data, the study has come up with some major findings. Some of the findings relate well with the literature and some tend to go in a different direction. In the present context of the school, the concept of integrated curriculum is not clear in the minds of the teachers. Teachers say they use activities and do practical work to teach our children but observation has shown it is difficult for them to do practical work. They are using teacher-directed method in the classroom. It is difficult for a single teacher to manage practical work. The activities are mostly paper-pencil work. Teaching through integrated curriculum is a difficult task in the Pakistani context, where teachers are transmitting knowledge to the children. Teachers need to be given the clear understanding of the task and its objectives; otherwise the implementation will not be successful. For successful implementation the whole staff in the school, especially the teachers, needs to be involved. Without their involvement it is difficult to de design/plan a curriculum, where children are given more opportunities to participate in the class rather than teachers doing everything. For an integrated curriculum teachers see at the needs and interest of the child and select the themes for their study. In the present practice, the curriculum manual has been given to the teachers to follow exactly as it is with activities as well, no teacher involvement has occurred. Teaching through an integrated curriculum requires teachers to play different roles such as a facilitator, a planner and a guide. But the present situation in the school shows the teacher to be a dictator. Classes are teacher-centered instead of being child-centered. Teacher's role needs to guide and help children whenever they are in need rather than simply giving instructions. There are some challenges as well that the school is facing. The major challenge is assessment in an integrated curriculum. The school is struggling as to how to do t assessment. They were doing daily assessments two years back when they
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۴۰۔ کاروانِ زنبور

کاروانِ زنبور

یہ کاروانِ زنبور ازل سے محوِ سفر ہے

اس عظیم جد و جہد پرطویل مسافتیں بھی حیران ہیں

جس نے اپنے لہو رنگ پرچموں سے

نیلے آسماں کو چرخِ احمر میں بدل ڈالا

 سرد راتوں میںخونیں انقلاب کے چراغ جلائے

یہ کاروانِ زنبور

کاندھوں پر اہرامِ مصر اٹھائے

دشت کی وسعتیںناپتا

کوہساروں کی بلند یاں کاٹتا

دریائوں کے دل چیرتا ہوا

اسلام میں اہلیت اجتہاد کا معیار

Ijtihad is not an ordinary matter, but an important and sensible religious responsibility from Sharia’h perspective. That is why, Islam does notpermits everyone to indulge in, rather imposes some pre-requisites of widespread knowledge, penetrating insight, intellectual wisdom and similar ext ra ordinary capabilities, without which Ijtihad is deemed as unacceptable and unauthentic. Similarly, any such so-called Ijtihad is also worthless which is not based on knowledge and argument. Several threats have been mentioned in Ahadith on such types of Ijtihad. However, acceptable and reward earning Ijtihad is one which is based on knowledge and arguments, fulfilling all pre-requisite conditions for the task. The essential conditions for indulging in Ijtihad are: expertise in Arabic language, deep understanding of Quran and Sunnah, knowledge of principles of Islamic jurisprudence especially analogy (Qayas), God-gifted intellect and wisdom, know- how about demands of contemporary age, knowledge about demanding situation for making Ijtihad, its procedure and about Shariah perspectives in this regard, and piousness. These conditions are agreed upon with consensus. Besides, there are some conditions which arouse difference of opinion, e.g. Knowledge of Usul-e-Deen, Logics, and particular problems of Islamic jurisprudence, etc. Some scholars consider them amongst essential conditions for Ijtihad, while rest majority do not deem them as necessary. Allama Shatibi, in his individual opinion contradicting to that of majority, has allowed for non-Muslims also to do Ijtihad. However, majority of scholars opine that Islam is the first pre-requisite condition for the task, hence non-Muslim is not capable for that.

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Conducting Polymers and Metal Oxide/Sulfides Nanoparticles

Organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells (HSCs) have the potential to be economical and portable energy source. Semiconducting nanocrystals are attractive for solar cells as they have tune-able bandgaps and can improve charge separation when blended with the conjugated polymers. This dissertation advances the field of HSCs by documenting device fabrication and physics employing cobalt oxide (Co3O4), chromium oxide (Cr2O3) for the first time in bulk heterojunction active layer. Two main device structures, bulk heterojunction HSCs and perovskite solar cells (PrSCs) were investigated in this research. In both cases the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on morphology, opto-electronic properties and lifetimes was systematically studied. The NPs were synthesized using co-precipitation technique and the average particle size of 29.3-36.7 nm and 10-13 nm was obtained for Co3O4 and Cr2O3 respectively. The active layer of HSCs primarily composed of 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyle-C60-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b'']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b] thiophenediyl]][6,6]) (PTB7), [6,6]-phenyle-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) blended with Co3O4 and Cr2O3 separately. An orderly incorporation of NPs in both blends was found to increase the open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, fill factor and conclusively power conversion efficiency (PCE). In PrSCs, methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) was used as main absorber and ZnO and Al:ZnO NPs were used as electron transport layer in addition with PCBM. The NPs interlayer between PCBM and metal electrode increased the overall device performance i.e. PCE and stability. Various characterizations techniques such as short circuit current density vs voltage, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis Abstract 2 spectrophotometry, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been utilized to fully understand the effect of NPs. A substantial increase in absorption and EQE was observed for the devices with metal oxide NPs. The inclusion of NPs also increased the film roughness and was found to form percolation network with in the active layer in case of HSCs that facilitates charge transport.