پروفیسر حامد حسن قادری
افسوس ہے کہ ادھر چند مہینوں کے اندر دنیائے علم و ادب کی کئی نامور ہستیوں، پروفیسر حامد حسن صاحب قادری، سید ہاشمی صاحب فرید آبادی اور مولانا صلاح الدین احمد نے انتقال کیا، پروفیسر حامد حسن صاحب قادری ہماری پرانی علمی بزم کی یادگار تھے، اردو اور فارسی زبان و ادب اور اس کی تاریخ پر ان کی نظر بڑی گہری اور وسیع تھی، تاریخ داستان اردو ان کی وسعت نظر کی شاہد ہے، وہ عرصہ تک سینٹ جانس کالج آگرہ میں اردو اور فارسی کے استاد رہے، ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد کراچی چلے گئے تھے، اور وہیں وفات پائی، ان کی وفات سے ایک پرانی علمی و تہذیبی یادگار مٹ گئی۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اگست ۱۹۶۴ء)
With advancement in the modern world, psychological issues, including anxiety and depression has become the leading cause of mental illness. Herbal products have been explored to observe their effects in helping such conditions and citrus fruits are found to be among these helping tools. To study this, current research was designed to explore the antidepressant effects of Citrus paradisi in various doses on rodents. Swiss Albino mice were used and fresh extract of Citrus paradisi was prepared. Imipramine was used as the standard drug. Ethical approval was taken from the Board of Advanced Studies, University of Karachi. The animals were divided into controlled, standard and test groups. All the animals were recruited from the animal house of University of Karachi. Forced Swimming Test was used to analyses the efficacy. It is a standard test, which is commonly used to evaluate the behavioral response in animals using a cylinder at room temperature. After the completion of dosing and monitoring the animals for 30 days, it was observed that marked improvement in the test animal’s behavior with significant p-values indicating that the extract has improved the animal’s psychological response towards the external stress and animals showed noteworthy improvement in the mobile phase as compared to the immobile phase. It can be concluded from the experimental results that protocol established in this study can be used as an alternative for patients suffering with depression as an herbal option, keeping in mind the other co morbidities of patient and drug interactions of Citrus paradisi.
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technique which provides qualitative and quantitative information from the emission spectra of the laser produced plasma of the metallic materials in various environments. In the present work, we have studied the optical emission spectra of the laser produced silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) plasma and also deduced the plasma parameters and atomic parameters by this technique. We have used the fundamental 1064 nm and second harmonic 532 nm of a Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser (Quantel, Brilliant-B, France) for ablation and generating the plasma. The emission spectra of the laser produced plasma were captured using a set of four spectrometers (Ocean Optics), each spectrometer was equipped with 5 micron slit width and covering the spectral region between 200 – 720 nm. In somaqe experiments, we also used another set of four spectrometers (Avantes, Holland), each spectrometer was equipped with 10 micron slit width and covering the spectral region between 250 – 875 nm. The experimentally observed line profiles of the several neutral and ionic species have been used to extract the line widths, plasma or excitation temperatures, electron number densities and atomic parameters such as branching fractions, transition probabilities and relative line strength. The Plasma temperatures were determined using four different techniques; two line ratio method, Boltzmann plot, Saha-Boltzmann plot and Marotta''s technique whereas electron densities were deduced from the Stark broadened line profiles as well as from the Boltzmann-Saha relation. From the observed line intensities of the spatially registered spectra of silicon, we have determined the plasma temperature in the range of 8500 K to 9500 K and electron density in the range of 1x1017 cm-3 to 4 x1017 cm-3 at different laser energies. The plasma temperature for germanium (Ge) has been determined in the range (9000 – 11400 K) , (9500 – 10500 K) , for Tin (Sn) and (9000 - 10500 K) for Lead (Pb) and the electron densities have been deduced in the range (0.5 – 5.0)×1017cm-3 for Ge, (0.5 – 5.0)×1017cm-3 for Tin and (3.5 – 6.5)×1016cm-3 for lead depending on the laser pulse energy to produce the plasma. The Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a number of neutral and singly ionized silicon, germanium, tin and lead lines have been extracted by the Lorentzian fit to the experimentally observed line profiles. We have compared the experimentally measured relative line strengths for the 4p5s 3P0,1,2 → 4p2 3P0,1,2 multiplet with that of calculated in the LS-coupling scheme revealing that the intermediate coupling scheme is more appropriate for the level designations in germanium. In addition, the LIBS, technique has also been exploited to experimentally determine the branching fractions and transition probabilities for fourteen spectral lines originating from the 3p4s→3p2 transition array of silicon (Si I), fifteen lines of the 5p5d→5p2 transition array in tin and eleven lines of the 6p7s → 6p2 transition array in lead, whereas the absolute values of the transition probabilities have been calculated by combining the experimental branching fractions with the life times of the excited levels. Our new results are comparable to that reported in the literature, where available.