Mental Health Disorders and Challenges faced by developing countries

Mental disorders are common and contribute to the highest burden of disease across the globe. Depression and anxiety has become the most frequent disorder in these times. However, it is notconsidered a disease mostly and there are no proper policies and treatment all over the world but thedeveloping countries are affected the most. Mental health care services are lacking and inaccessible tomost of the patients worldwide. Apart from this fact, the stigma associated with this ailment is a majorhindrance in the way of treatment. Lack of human resource and their proper training is also lacking. Thereis a dire need to enhance research capacity to actually estimate the burden and magnitude of the problem, preparing a policy and above all, its implementation to bring a change in the treatment of mental healthproblems. Low and middle income countries are suffering the most due to these disorders and ironicallyit is not considered a disease thereMostly, the uneducated people attribute such mental health issues to supernatural phenomenonsuch as ghosts or magic etc. Additionally, for the treatment of these so-called “supernatural phenomenon”and to get rid of ghosts, they tend to go to “peers” or “baba” who are illiterate people, pretending to havecure for these patients. But infact, such malpractices and misconceptions among masses lead to adisastrous situation. It causes worsening of the condition of patient by not getting the proper medical andpsychiatric treatment, secondly, they are caught up by wrong people who extort huge amount of money. These are the challenges that developing countries are facing for the treatment of mental health issues. Evidence-based interventions and practice by trained personals in community and primary health carefacilities can improve the understanding and treatment of these ailments. Exercise, healthy life style, healthy dietary+ patterns and physical activities may also work wonders in these conditions.

Exploring the Successes and Challenges Faced by Subject Leaders in Providing Support to Teachers

It is acknowledged that the current leadership paradigm is encapsulated by the term transformational leadership', a concept that includes the dispersal of leadership responsibilities throughout an institution. No head teacher is in a position to be responsible for such a wide range of subject disciplines in addition to the overall management of the school. Delegation to teachers with specialist knowledge is the obvious answer to this time management issue. This sends a clear message that improvements of teaching and learning are more likely to be achieved when leadership is instructionally focused and located closest to the classroom, hence the significance of subject leadership in improving teachers' teaching practices. This case study was designed to explore three subject leaders' views and understanding of the successes and challenges they face in providing support to teachers to improve their teaching practices in an English medium private school in Karachi, Pakistan. It aimed to find out what support subject leaders provided to teachers and what strategies they used in providing support. The study also sought to understand the subject leaders' perceptions of their successes in providing support to teachers and the factors that facilitated their success. Moreover, the study aimed to find out the challenges subject leaders faced and how they dealt with them in providing support to the teachers. The subject leaders revealed their successes in supporting teachers to improve their classroom teaching practices especially in child-centered teaching strategies, setting examinations, subject content knowledge, and lesson planning. They perceived the support from the management, the head teacher and their experiences to be facilitating factors, which had made them successful in providing support to teachers. The subject leaders further revealed the challenges they face. These include time constraints, teacher turnover, observing senior teachers, and teachers' resistance to change. Lastly, they revealed the strategies they use in overcoming these challenges. The findings have significant implications for the school management, head teachers, and the subject leaders' professional development in sustaining the effectiveness of the subject leadership role.