قانون ضرورت: اسلامی اور مغربی نظریات کا تعارف اور مقارنہ

Mankind among the other creatures is a superior creation of Allah. Though he has been gifted and empowered with strength and logic, yet at times he becomes vulnerable or unfortified during his life span. To handle and manage such weak events and moments of life, Allah has laid down a law of necessity upon him. Since Islam is the religion of ease, comfort and compassion in all matters, therefore on the one hand it provides the regular course of system for the usual and routine matters, while on the other hand it promulgates the law of necessity for unusual and extra ordinary matters. The Western legal system also recognizes such concept of law, but as compared to Islamic concept of law of necessity it does not cover all the aspects of human vulnerability. This paper puts forth a discourse that how this exceptional segment of law can be applied and what is the difference between the Islamic concept of law of necessity and that of which the western legal system has.

The Effects of an English Teachers Teaching Methods on Students Reading Comprehension Skills

In Pakistan, English is taught as a second or foreign language in the government schools with minimal opportunities to practice it both in and outside the school. Teachers still use traditional ways for teaching reading. They are not familiar with the latest ways and appropriate trends of teaching reading in ESL/EFL contexts. This affects students' comprehension skills. They still struggle to understand the text even after reaching the higher grades. In this situation, English language classrooms could be the only place for practising language skills. Teachers can provide ample opportunities to their students if they know how to teach reading comprehension. This study was conducted to explore the effects of an English language teacher's teaching methods/strategies on students' reading comprehension skills, and to gain insights from it, in order to improve my own understanding of teaching of reading comprehension in English. It means that after observing the teacher's existing teaching reading methods/strategies and interviewing the teacher and the students, I improved my own understanding of teaching reading comprehension in English. It would help me in teaching reading comprehension in my own context. This study was conducted in a private school with an English language teacher and grade six students, especially with three students as the focus group. Interviews, classroom observations, document analysis and post-lesson discussions were used as data collection methods. Ongoing and summative data analysis was used to analyze the data. The research location was chosen keeping in view the socio-economic status and language similarities in the teaching and learning of English in the context where the research problem occurred. It was found that the methods which the teacher used for teaching reading comprehension were effective for improving students' reading comprehension skills as students were able to use reading comprehension skills such as; skimming, scanning, predicting, and summarizing to comprehend the text. However, it was difficult to claim that all students used these strategies because assessing reading comprehension is a very complicated process. But observing the teacher and students closely and their responses to the tasks, it could be said that these methods were useful for teaching reading comprehension.