The Indian Muslims’ Services to Afghanistan & Turkey (1901-1929)

The Paper attempts to highlight the most significant Muslim personalities of British India who rendered services and sacrifices for the cause of pan-Islamism. They travelled to the neighbouring Muslim states of Afghanistan and Turkey for the larger cause of the Muslim brotherhood, and their freedom from the colonial powers. Their visits were either in official or unofficial capacity. The personalities include; Abdur Rahman Peshawari, Zafar Hasan Aibak, Mualana Ubaidullah Sindhi. The paper argues that these personalities have visited the Muslim countries of Afghanistan and Turkey in order to support the cause of Muslim brotherhood and their peace, development, and freedom. Their way of support was in the form of diplomatic negotiation. Descriptive and analytical methods were followed for analyzation/interpretation of data collected.

اردو ناول میں منظر نگاری: تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Like many other genres of literature, novel enjoys worldwide popularity today. The journey of novel in Urdu literature covers and spans a period of over a century. This genre was introduced into Urdu literature from the West and it gradually gained popularity. Novel is throughout the world most popular literature genre. The extent of its popularity can be gauged from the fact that most of Nobel Prize laureates in literature have been novel writers. Unlike West, no serious research work has been undertaken on novel in Urdu. Some literary critics have on individual basis did some research on some aspects of novel like its technique, shape, form and manner but still there insider need of thoroughgoing and exhaustive research on some vital aspects of novel such as how in an Urdu novel a novelists gives description of a phenomenon, how does he arranges sequence of incidents and events and how does it all impact a listener or a reader. In aforementioned field we don’t come across any good research oriented book. Considering the lack of serious research I undertook the task of tracing and subjecting to a thorough and detailed research the Description in Urdu novel from time of Deputy Nazir Ahmed till the year 2002. Description in Urdu novel in different ages was achieved through various techniques and means. In terms of description it underwent change in gradual phases as years passed by. Explanation of different ways of description needs a fuller research. This research paper has been written keeping in perspective the trajectory of Urdu novel in terms of description over a period of one century. This will open the way for new experiments in Urdu novel. To achieve the same goals and objectives this research paper has been arranged in various chapters. In chapter 1, description in literature has been defined technically and its various forms and shapes been subjected to fuller analysis. In addition, detail has been provided as to how description started in Urdu novel in the first place and how over time it took on various forms. Likewise it is also discussed in what manner description in novel differs from description in other genres of literature. In chapter 2, gives a thorough analysis of description in Urdu novel from the beginning till 1900.The tradition of fictional literature of 2nd half of 19th century has been given a brief treatment. In chapter 3, an analysis of description in Urdu novel has been presented from 1900 to 1947. Further brief introduction is given of the tradition of Urdu novel in 2nd half of 20th century. In chapter 4, a detailed analysis of various descriptive techniques in Urdu novel has been offered from period 1947 till 1971, the year of fall of East Pakistan. Furthermore, the impact of riots of Partition of Indian Subcontinent on Urdu novel has been traced. In chapter 5, analysis of description in Urdu novel from period of 1971 to 2002 is offered and attempt made to keep track of factors and reasons which caused the changes in descriptive techniques. In chapter 6, an overall analysis, recommendations and conclusions have been offered from all the ideas discussed in preceding chapters of research paper.