اسلامی اور مغربی تناظر میں آزادی اظہار رائے کا تقابلی جائزہ

Freedom of Expression: A Comparative Study from Islamic & Western Perspective Living on the earth is all about freedom and as we know that the first man on the earth Adam was sent on the earth with the freedom to worship only to Allah. This freedom is a blessing of Allah and the value of it would only be judged in the era of slavery. It is an ultimate principle in Islam that the total submission is to be Allah alone. Thus, a man would never be a slave of any other person and whenever they become a slave to any other authority they are treated inhumanly. Allah (SW) made this glorious world for human beings and granted them the status of Ashraf ul Makhlūq. Human has such value which can be testified by this reason that everything is tightened to them and the world is only created for them. But human can only be benefited from the world till they are better for them and others, living friendly and create atmosphere of peace. So, till the end they will be benefited and blessed. They will also be in peace and freedom if they take care and have the respect for humanity. As man is a social animal and doesn’t live without his community. Sometimes due to controversy in thinking and other routes fall in conflicts, for which a proper law is administered. The differences in views are not forbidden. It is important, not to cross limits and to create peaceful atmosphere in order to rest humanity in peace and make the world peaceful. This article deals with the comparison of Islamic freedom of expression and the modern Western criterion of freedom of speech. The study concludes that the Islamic and western thought on freedom is different from each other.  In this study comparative and critical approach is adopted.

Physiological, Biochemical and Growth Response of Sunflower to Salinity and Boron

Low concentration of boron (B) is essential to plant growth and may limit the growth in excess quantity especially under saline conditions. Limited information was available regarding B toxicity on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under saline conditions. The present studies were conducted to investigate the interactive effect of salinity and B toxicity. Hydroponics and pot studies were conducted at various B levels under normal and saline conditions. First, 10 sunflower genotypes were screened out against salinity in water culture (control, 60,120 and 180 mM NaCl). SF-187 and S-278 were ranked as tolerant to salinity whereas, Hysun-33 and Hysun-38 were categorized as sensitive genotypes against salinity. These genotypes were grown in hydroponics under saline and non-saline conditions and at control, 0.5 and 1.0 mM boron. Physical and chemical characteristics determined showed reduction in shoot fresh and dry weight was more in salt-sensitive genotypes (Hysun-33 and Hysun-38) than in salt tolerant genotypes (SF- 187 and S-278). Salt-tolerant genotypes accumulate less boron and Na + , while more K + in shoot than salt-sensitive genotypes. Root B and K + accumulation were decreased in saline conditions than non-saline conditions while Na + concentration in root increased in saline conditions. Result regarding relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI) showed a reduction pattern with the increasing level of boron toxicity both under non-saline and saline conditions. Salt-tolerant genotypes showed more RWC and MSI than salt sensitive genotypes under saline conditions along with boron toxicity. Photosynthetic rate (PR) stomatal conductance (SC) and transpiration rate (TR) were also decreased with salinity and toxic levels of boron, and salt tolerant genotypes showed better response regarding PR, SC and TR than salt sensitive genotypes. Achene yield per plant decreased under saline conditions along with toxic level of boron and salt tolerant genotypes showed less % reduction than salt sensitive genotypes. Boron and potassium concentrations decreased under saline conditions, while Na + concentration increased under saline conditions (alone) and saline condition and B at 5 ppm concentration. Salt- tolerant genotypes had accumulated less Na + and B concentration and more K + concentration in shoot. Genotypes (SF-187 and S-278) were promising genotypes under saline conditions along with boron toxicity and can be directly used by farmers or may be used for the development of more salinity tolerant sunflower genotypes by the breeders.