Much has been said and written about reflective practice, and in particular reflective dialogue but this has largely been limited to the West. Reflective dialogue is still very much an unexplored area in teacher education in Pakistan. This study, therefore, set out to explore what effects, if any, reflective dialogue has on teachers in a private school in Karachi. The study engaged four teachers from both primary and secondary schools in the process of reflective dialogue. It then looked at the teachers' responses to the process of reflective dialogue and its corresponding effect on them. Data on the uptake of reflective dialogue by these teachers and its effect on them was collected through observations, interviews, dialogue journals and oral reflective sessions. Findings from the study indicate that reflective dialogue is an alternative teacher professional development strategy. In addition, the study reveals that certain personal and professional characteristics are prerequisites for teachers to engage in reflection. These are open-mindedness, wholeheartedness, responsibility, a willingness to take risks, and accessibility to alternate ways of teaching. Furthermore, the study shows that teacher improvement is dependent on both the acquisition of pedagogical skills and the ability to reflect. The study illustrates that reflective dialogue does not only improve classroom practice, but also has an impact on the teacher's person. The study also highlights the significance of the role played by those who help teachers to become reflective (reflective coaches). It identifies what kind of functions the reflective coach would be expected to play in a context like the one that was under study. Recommendations for further inquiry in reflective dialogue as well as, by which reflective dialogue can become a reality in our schools, have also been suggested.
وچھوڑا (آنحضور قبلہ صوفی محمد اصغر صاحب رینجرز والے آف جہلم شریف والوں کے جانے کے بعد یہ نظم تحریر میں آئی) ٹُر گئے کر کے مندڑا حال وسدے ہاسے سجناں نال سجناں باہجھوں دل کرلاندا رو رو ہاڑے ترلے پاندا ماہی جلدی مکھ وکھال ٹُر گئے کر کے مندڑا حال
ماہی ساڈا سب توں سوہنا لے گیا ہاسے، دے گیا رونا رو رو غم تھیں ہوئے نڈھال ٹُر گئے کر کے مندڑا حال
دلبر سانوں چھوڑ سدھارے جوں رانجھا گیا تخت ہزارے روندی رہ گئی ہیر سیال ٹُر گئے کر کے مندڑا حال
سجن سانوں کملی کیتا ٹر گیا چھڈ کے چپ چپیتا رو رو کھلے سر دے وال ٹُر گئے کر کے مندڑا حال
قادری سائیںؔ دے نال جے ویندے کدی ناں اتنے دُکھڑے پیندے مکدے فیر سارے جنجال ٹُر گئے کر کے مندڑا حال
Background: In neck related problems, limited cervical ranges are considered a major contributor leading to forward head posture and increased disability.
Methodology: The study design was a randomized clinical trial. Total of 50 subjects were recruited that fulfilled the selection criteria. Subjects were divided into two groups. Craniocervical flexion exercises group A (n=25) and Scapular stabilization exercises group B (n=25). Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Neck Disability Index (ND1) were subjective while the goniometer and plumb line were used as objective modes of assessment. Baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment values were assessed by using SPSS 21.
Results: Both groups showed improvement in plumb line values, forward head posture and cervical spine mobility. NPRS, and NDI score values after the 4-week exercise program showed significant results (p-value<0.05). Outcomes except for plumb line value and NDI score indicated statistically significant improvement in the Craniocervical flexion exercise group than the scapular stabilization exercise group (p-value<0.05). However, in NPRS no statistical difference (p-value>0.05) was found between the two groups.
Conclusion: Only females were recruited. Further studies can correlate with spatiotemporal features. The idea and conceptual framework were original.
Conducting polymer blends and nanocomposites constituting conducting polymers (CPs) have fascinated noteworthy considerations for both academic and industrial research due to their important and captivating applications. In the current endeavor eight different series of nanocomposites of conjugated polymers have been efficiently fabricated via layer by layer in situ oxidative polymerization i.e. NF-G & F-G/PANi/PSMA/ODA, FG & FG-NH2/PANi/PMMA/PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG, NF-G & FG/PPy/PEG/PSMA/MDA, FG & FG-NH2/PPy/PVC/PDA. The fabrication of nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANi) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)cumene terminated (PSMA), polypyrole (PPy), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)cumene terminated (PSMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(ethylene - - - - - - - 1 -phenylene diamine (PDA) as crosslinking agent with non-functional and functional graphite as filler was performed. For each series we studied the influence of various feeding ratios by varying weight % of CP (2%, 5% and 10%). Physical characteristics of resultant nanocomposites were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) respectively. The thermal, electrical and surface area properties of the conducting polymer blends and nanocomposites were also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis. Relative to non-functional composites, functional composites displayed more improved characteristics such as exhibited higher thermal stability and improved electrical conductivity by the incorporation of modified graphite. According to the differential scanning calorimetry the glass transition temperature, melting temperature and crystallization temperature of the composites increases with the incorporation of modified graphite. FG-NH2 in resultant nanocomposites play an important role in forming conducting network in matrix indicating synergistic effect between polymer matrices and filler. The DSC studies are also complimented by X-ray diffraction results. The PMMA copolymer chains can stabilize the growth of PANi chains by the formation of hydrogen bonding between imine groups in PANi and carbonyl groups in MMA units and by providing sites for electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites was also found to be a function of CPs loadings. However, nanocomposites possessed higher conductivities values ascribed to the presence of thermally more stable and electrically conductive modified graphite in composites. According to four probe test, the conductivity of ultimate nanocomposites increased dramatically. The composites constituting higher mass ratio shows increased electrical conductivity performance. Newly fabricated series of conducting nanocomposites may act as useful contenders in industrial appliances such as polymer Li-ion batteries.