رویہ صارف (Consumer Behavior) اور اسلامی اخلاقیات

Consumer Behavior means behavior of consumers about buying goods and services in the market. Consumer behavior entails all activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services, including the consumer emotional, mental and behavioral responses that precede or follow these activities. The following article discusses consumer behavior in the light of Islamic ethics, and explains different aspects of consumer behavior according to Islamic moral values and also given suggestions to consumers and marketers to adopt Islamic buying and selling behavior, which is beneficial not only for individual but also to human as a whole. The consumer behavior in the modern capitalist economy plays very important role, not only in consumption but also in the production and services.

Growth and Yield Response of Tomato Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill. Cultivars to Exogenously Applied Calcium Carbide

Presently many chemicals have been identified that produce ethylene in the air of soil. Calcium carbide (CaC 2 ) is one of them and is being considered well known source of ethylene (C 2 H 4 ). The C 2 H 4 released from CaC 2 is not thoroughly investigated particularly for production of vegetables with improved quality. Laboratory, pot and field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium carbide on tomato seed germination, growth, yield, photosynthesis and quality parameters. The first experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the best rate of calcium carbide for seed germination, root and shoot growth rate of five different tomato cultivars. It was found that application of CaC 2 @ 15 mg per Petri plate was the best among all rates that improved seed germination, root and shoot growth. Tomato cultivars performed better were selected for the next experiment. The three selected cultivars were grown in compost medium containing three different rates of calcium carbide with different five coatings in growth room under controlled conditions. Results showed that CaC 2 at the rate of 200 mg cup -1 with polyethylene, paint and paraffin coatings performed relatively better. In the 3rd experiment best selected calcium carbide based formulations in three different rates were further compared in the presence of recommended fertilizers in a pot study. Thus comparison included their effect on tomato growth, yield, photosynthetic activity and quality parameters. Data on plant height, number of flower per plant and proportion to fruit drop, yield of tomato fruit, root and shoot dry weight, and nitrogen uptake clearly showed positive effect of CaC 2 in the presence of fertilizer on all stages of growth of tomato compared to control (fertilizer only). One further pot experiment was conducted to know the best rate and time of application of formulated calcium carbide in the presence of recommended fertilizer. Results obtained were compared with those obtained from control treatment (containing fertilizer only). It is evident from the results that CaC 2 applied 2 weeks after transplanting performed better among all rates and times of application in improving almost all growth and yield parameters of tomato. Based upon the results from laboratory and pot trials, field experiment was conducted to verify the results obtained from previous experiments. In this field experiment, effect of different rates of coated CaC 2 was investigated on two best performing cultivars selected from previous experiment. The results showed that application of CaC 2 at the rate of 200 mg plant -1 not only improved growth and yield parameters of both tomato cultivars but also enhanced N uptake by different plant parts and improved nitrogen use efficiency. Overall results suggest that addition of calcium carbide along with recommended doses of fertilizers improved fruit yield more than 40 % by improving yield contributing parameters and N use efficiency. Furthermore, quality parameters related to physical appearance and chemical composition of tomato fruits were also improved by the application of CaC 2. These parameters are very much required for improvement in shelf life and processing of tomato products. In the nutshell, results confirm the growth regulator role of CaC 2 in improving the growth, yield and quality of tomato.