EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR TENSION TYPE HEADACHE

Background of the Study: Multiple Physical Therapy approaches have recently been developed and reported in the literature for providing better results in the treatment regimens of tension-type headaches. The advancement in the field of Physical therapy towards the treatment approaches of tension-type headaches has become the driving force for writing this article. Methodology: Studies comparing the effects of physical therapy management with conventional treatment approaches are included in the meta-analysis. PRISMA guidelines were used for performing the qualitative analysis and assessment of risk of biases. Results: According to the findings of nine randomized controlled trials, the analysis of the results had revealed that physical therapy intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in reducing headache severity. In a random effect model, the pool effects of physical therapy strategies in terms of Standardized Mean Difference had an impact of 1.41, which according to a Cohen rule of thumb displays a larger effect of physical therapy management in significant decrease in pain intensity among tension-type headache patients Conclusion: The study has concluded that physical therapy-based management strategies as provided in several RCTs analyzed in this review article revealed a pool effect of moderate size in managing the frequency of pain and a larger effect size in managing pain intensity and duration. Further, it was concluded that tension-type headaches can be effectively managed through physical therapy-based approaches.

Impact of Hindrance and Challenge Stressors on Job Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: the Moderating Role of Islamic Work Ethics and Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of challenge and hindrance stressors on work outcomes. In addition to this, the mediating role of employee job satisfaction and moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics in the context of banking sector of Pakistan have also been checked. Structured questionnaires from previous literature were adopted to collect the primary data. With time lagged, two sources data was collected by simple random sampling technique. In first phase, data was collected form employees regarding challenge and hindrance stressors, job satisfaction and Islamic Work Ethics. While in the second episode data regarding Job performance and OCB of employees was collected from their respective supervisors/Boss. Data was collected from officer ranked employees working in Public and Private sector Banks. Out of 1180 distributed questionnaires, 465 useable questionnaires were returned, yielding a response rate of 39%. Results were obtained by using SPSS. Descriptive analysis, correlation, and simple regression analysis were used to analyze data. Mediation analysis was performed with the help of process macros and moderation analysis by steps wise regression. The result indicated that Challenge Stressors have positive relationship with Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employee Job Performance. In case of Hindrance Stressors, it was found that Hindrance Stressors have negative impact on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employee Job Performance. Moreover, Islamic work ethics has positive relationship with Job Satisfaction was supported; whereas the positive impact of Job Satisfaction on Job Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior were also confirmed. Further, results indicated that Job satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between Challenge Stressors and Job Performance and OCB. In case of Hindrance stressors Job Satisfaction mediated the relationship between Hindrance stressors and Job Performance and OCB. Lastly, this study explored the moderating effect of Islamic Work Ethics in a link between Challenge Stressors and Job Satisfaction. Contrary to the proposed hypothesis, the moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics was found insignificant between Hindrance stressors and Job Satisfaction. The results of this study have been conversed in the light of past studies, managerial implications have been given and future avenues have also been suggested.