ہیومنزم کے نظریہ پر تنقید و تحقیق: اسلام کی روشنی میں

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that empha-sizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism as a philosophy today can be as little as a perspective on life or as much as an entire way of life; the common feature is that it is always focused primarily on human needs and interests. Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Humanism derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. Islam rejects the basic philosophical premise that humans rather than God are the measure of all things and that all intrinsic moral values are derived from human desires and needs. Islam, like other Semitic religions, teaches that God is the ultimate source of all moral values. Humanistic psych-ology concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason, critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to verify, making research in humanistic psych-ology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and not enough objectivity.

Decentralization and Sources of Interprovincial Growth Dependency and Disparities: A Case Study of Pakistan

Regional (provincial) growth inequalities and deprivation among provinces of Pakistan is one of the hot issues. It is a general perception that small provinces are neglected in the development process, while main focus of development policies was on large provinces. This study the first of its kind, which analyzes the relationship among the growth rates of provinces in Pakistan. It also explores sources of regional inequalities among provinces. In this context, the role of monetary and fiscal polices, are also explored. To understand, the nature of economic relationships and regional pattern of growth among provinces, the study Applied Engle Granger (EG) cointegration technique. The use of EG enables to analyze inter-provincial growth rates on one to one basis. The study has estimated 144 co-integrating equations to explore the dynamic relationship between GDP, agriculture, industry and services sectors of Pakistan and in its four provinces. Empirical evidences are drawn within sectoral relationship and among the four provinces of Pakistan. The results reveal that GDP growth rate of Punjab and Sindh provinces complement each other, in the development process. However, it revealed that the deprived provinces of Balochistan and KPK growth rates depend upon Sindh and Punjab. The sectoral cointegration analysis indicated that linkages across sectors and provinces are weak; among poor provinces. The findings confirm that there is a significant sectoral relationship and integration between relatively developed provinces of Punjab and Sindh. Their growth benefited each other, across provinces. This may be due to the fact that planning in Pakistan, before the 18th Amendment in the constitution, was centralized, and polices were focused on sectoral development rather than regional development; while regional income inequalities were ignored which led to provincial deprivation and inequalities. Further, the results of the study also supported that the growth of agriculture and industry, in each province, significantly depends on the growth of the services sector of the same province, as well as, on the service sectors of other provinces. The study has also estimated the impact of monetary and fiscal Policy on inter provincial growth differentials. For this, purpose panel data was utilized by applying fixed effect model. The analysis indicated that fiscal policy helped to reduce the regional growth disparities in Pakistan, whereas monetary policies enrage the situation of increasing income inequalities in the provinces. The study indicted high variations in the level of financial development across provinces, which may be one of the reasons for less development in the poor provinces like Balochistan and KPK. Lastly, an important finding of the study is that the incidences of terrorism and electricity load shedding, have augmented the regional growth disparities among provinces and in Pakistan. The shortfall in electricity has most affected the large scale manufacturing sector of Sindh, whereas the terrorism mostly affects KPK and Balochistan, which further fueled deprivation of the neglected province. The study suggests that planning and policy making should use from bottom up approach to address the above cited emerging economic issues. Provinces be empowered to have lion’s share in financial exchequer and economic decision making. The central planning body had members from each province who had responsibility to keep check on regional equity and disparities. The very concept of the institution has lost, since government servants (CSP officers) are serving on these positions now and they hardly play their role in this respect. It is recommended that the central planning body (Planning Commission) and Central bank should play their role in curtailing regional income inequalities and deprivations. There is an earnest need to integrate all provinces in to the main framework of economic development, on equity basis. Besides, although there is a right step of NFC award, which provides more resources to provinces but still there is a need to strengthen it more in terms of more economic power to provinces if they have to be integrated. Special development programs are needed to integrate relatively underdeveloped provinces of Balochistan and KPK; if at all regional equity has to be maintained and these provinces have to bring out of the sense of deprivation.