School environment has been considered in literature as an important factor which influences the behaviour and performance of teachers. Several aspects of school's psychosocial environment have been cited as strongly related with teacher commitment, efficacy, morale, stress, burnout, attrition and turnover. This study explored the perceptions of private school teachers of Karachi about their school's psychosocial environment. It used School Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ) for this purpose' thus, it also validated the tool. SLEQ was self-administered to a sample of 289 teachers, selected from two towns of Karachi, Pakistan, through a multi-stage cluster sampling. Factor analysis was used to explore the perceptions of teachers within the three dimensions of school environment, which are: Relationship Dimension (RD), Professional Development Dimension (PDD), and System Maintenance and System Change Dimension (SMCD). In relationship dimension, the findings of the study reveal that generally teachers perceive healthy relationships with their students and colleagues. Most of the teachers believe that their students are helpful, cooperative, well-mannered and respectful; however, some teachers also think that students are noisy and disruptive; and hence, they consider using strict disciplinary measures to control them. In relationship with their colleagues, they generally perceive a collegial atmosphere and friendly relationships; however, some teachers also feel that they are not appreciated by their colleagues and their voice is not given importance. In the professional development dimension, teachers feel that they have opportunities for learning and professional development in their school environment. They frequently discuss professional matters, talk about teaching and learning, attend training courses, and are keen to learn from each other. In system maintenance and system change dimension, the findings report that most of the teachers feel that their schools provide them adequate resources, including computers and internet, which according to teachers, are highly related with innovation in their teaching. The teachers also believe that they have a certain level of work pressure in their schools, with some teachers feeling that they have little time to relax and their workload is unmanageable. Teachers mostly feel that they have lack of freedom and authority, as they are expected to strictly follow the syllabus and lesson plans and use the prescribed material and textbooks. Most of them believe that decisions in their schools are usually taken by principal and a small group of teachers, and they are not allowed to take decisions on their own as they are usually expected to refer to the
کسے جنگل وچ کبوتر تے کبوتری اک درخت اتے آہلنا پے کے رہندے سن۔ دونویں بہت خوش سن۔ کسے وی قسم دا اوہناں نوں فکر نہ سی۔ جنگل وچوں اوہ دانہ چگدے تے آرام نال زندگی گزار رہے سن۔ حالانکہ اوتھے کئی ہور پرندے تے جانور وی رہندے سن۔ پر ایہناں دا کسے نال کوئی میل جول نہ سی۔ اک دن کبوتری نے کبوتر نوں آکھیا کہ ساہنوں ایتھے رہندے کئی سال ہو گئے ساڈا کوئی دوست نئیں۔ تسی نال دے درخت اتے رہ رہے گدھ نال دوستی کرلو تاں جے کدے ساہنوں اوہناں دی مدد دی لوڑ پوے یاں اوہناں نوں ساڈی مدد دی لوڑ پوے تاں اک دوجے دی مدد کر سکیے۔ کبوتر نوں کبوتری دی اک گل پسند آئی تے اگلے دن اوہ دوستی دا پیغام لے کے گدھ دے گھر گیا تے اوس دے سامنے ساری رکھی۔ گدھ نے کبوتر دی گل نال اتفاق کیتا۔ دوست بنن مگروں کبوتر نے گھر آ کے ساری گل کبوتری نوں دسی تے اوہ سن کے بہت خوش ہوئی۔
کجھ دناں پچھوں کبوتری نے کبوتر نوں سپ نال دوستی لاون لئی گھلیا جو نالے والے درخت دی جڑاں وچ رہندا سی۔ اوس نال دوستی توں بعد اوہ دونویں بے فکر ہو گئے۔ کبوتر، گدھ تے سپ کدے کدے اک دوجے دے گھر جاندے، خیر خیریت پچھدے تے اپنے گھر واپس آ جاندے۔ انج اوہناں دی زندگی بہت چنگی لنگھ رہی سی۔
اک رات انج ہویا کہ جنگل وچ کجھ شکاری آئے۔ رات ہوون پاروں اوہ جنگل توں باہر جاون دا رستہ بھل گئے۔ اوہناں رات جنگل وچ ٹھہرن دا فیصلہ کیتا تے ڈیرے اوس درخت لائے جتھے کبوتر دا آہلنا سی۔ رات دے ہنیرے توں بچن لئی اوہناں سکے پتے تے ٹہنیاں...
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Program Studi S1 Manajemen UIN Suska Riau dan Program Studi S1 Manajemen UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung , Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Komparatif membandingkan dua gejalan pada objek yang berbeda,dalam penelitian ini jumlah sampel sebesar 96 responden yaitu masing masing 48 sampel adalah mahasiswa program studi S1 Manajemen UIN Suska Riau dan 48 sampel adalah mahasiswa program studi S1 Manajemen UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Nilai R2 ( R Square ) Mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Manajemen 0.490 atau 49 % dan Nilai R2 ( R Square ) Mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Manajemen UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. Saran dalam penelitian ini bahwa seharusnya mahasiswa UIN Suska Riau lebih bijak menggunakan fasilitas internet dan sebaiknya kecanduang internat pada mahasiswa UIN Bandung digunakan untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar dan untuk kegiatan bisnis seperti bisnis online yang sangat menarik dalam prospek bisnis di era digitalisasi sekarang.
Microbial amylases are as important in industrial processes as are proteases. Among the microbes, fungi are gaining repute for the production of amylases. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out to isolate, identify, characterize and explore the biotechnological applications of indigenous fungal strains. The study began by reviving fungal cultures from the stock collection in our lab and six more fungi were further isolated from the contaminated starch-agar plates. The isolates identified on the basis of cultural and morphological characteristics belonged to genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus. Preliminary screening was performed on starch-agar plate method with minor modification. Amylase production from the fungal isolates was also carried out under submerged fermentation conditions using mineral-salt media supplemented with starch and amylase production was quantitatively evaluated. Based on the results for quantitative production of amylases, 4 fungal isolates showing high IU/ml of amylase productivity were selected for further studies. The amylases from these isolates were characterized on the basis of activities at high temperatures and 2 fungal strains A. tubingensis SY 1 and A. niger MS 101 showing activities at 60oC and 64oC, respectively, were selected. Afterwards, the conditions for the optimum production of amylases from A. tubingensis SY 1 and A. niger MS 101 were worked out. The fungal strains showed optimum amylase production at 30oC with an initial pH of 5.9. Among the carbon sources; starch, glucose and maltose displayed higher amylase production along with the organic nitrogen source peptone. Amylase production was also optimized using a Plackett-Burman statistical design, and the results revealed peptone as the superior factor responsible for higher amylase titers. The optimum pH for amylase activity was determined along with the determination of optimum substrate concentration, the effect of various metal-ions and enzyme modulators. The pH 5.6 was optimum for amylase activity from both the fungal strains, while starch concentration of 0.5% was found to be optimum for the enzyme-substrate reaction to be carried out. Mn2+, K+ and NH4+ ions enhanced amylase activities while urea crystals and EDTA slightly inhibited the amylase activities of both fungal strains. Studies on solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) for amylase production was also performed using variety of natural substrates including 2 halophytic plants and the results were compared. Whenever studies were compared with crude natural carbon substrates, whether under solid-state or submerged fermentation conditions together with the quantitative determination of amylase, the concentration of other enzymes, like xylanase, pectinase and cellulose enzyme system (β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, filter paper assay) were also determined. Potato-peels were found to be the most suitable substrate for amylase production by both fungal strains under SmF and SSF conditions. The Tm of amylase from the strain MS101 of A. niger was 65oC and from A. tubingensis SY 1 was 67oC, while Ea values were 73.64 KJ/mol and 46.07 KJ/mol for A. niger MS101 and A. tubingensis SY 1 amylases, respectively. Because of higher Tm values and low energies of activation (Ea) the industrial potential of amylases was determined. For this purpose, the starch-sized fabric was treated with fungal amylases at different temperatures for different time intervals to determine the d-sizing efficiency of amylases. The fabric after de-sizing by A. niger MS 101 amylase resulted in a TEGEWA rating of 8, while by A. tubingensis SY 1 amylase a TEGEWA rating of 9 was observed at 54oC in 12 hr. The results are promising for the use of these amylases in de-sizing. Co-culture studies for bioethanol production under SmF and SSF conditions were carried out using potato-peels under SmF and SSF, when the fermentation medium was simultaneously inoculated with the fungal and yeast strains, ~4 g/Kg and 6 g/Kg ethanol was produced in 120 hr. of incubation at 30oC. The yeast Pichia kudriavzevii SY 11 was also able to produce almost similar amount of ethanol under SmF of potatopeels. Indicating no contribution of fungal amylase to bioethanol. However, when coculture studies were carried out on purified starch 7- to 12- fold more ethanol production was noted (12 and 28 g/Kg) compared to potato-peel (1 and 4 g/Kg). Amylases were subjected to purification using different techniques: affinity and gelfiltration chromatography. No fruitful results were obtained by affinity chromatography while by using gel-filtration technique; a band of ~116 kDa was observed for A. tubingensis SY 1 amylase.