Motivation plays a particularly critical role in English as a foreign language (EFL) position where learners are separated logistically and psychologically from the target culture of English language. Consequently, when the teacher uses different activities and strategies to motivate the students, s/he can influence the students' level of motivation; so that it will eventually affect the extent to which the students can learn a language (Gardner, 1997). In this study -a small scale action research- the teacher researcher aimed to improve her own capabilities and skills by using different strategies to motivate students to learn English language in better way. Within a framework of action research, the study was conducted within two cycles in a private primary school in Karachi, Pakistan. The main research participants were the teacher researcher and five selected students, along with the class teacher acting as a critical friend. The process of action research started with the teacher researcher studying her own, the students' and class teacher's views and practices of using different motivational strategies. The whole school context was also studied in order to gain an understanding of what was going on. The researcher followed the steps of planning, implementation, observation, and reflections. Therefore, data were collected through using observation, pre- and post- semi-structured interviews, reflective journals and document analysis. The ongoing analysis was maintained side by side with data collection. The data reveal that using interesting and challenging activities in the class serve as purposeful tools to motivate the students in order to find learning English interesting and meaningful. The findings show that some students became intrinsically motivated to learn, whereas some others need external motives to learn better. Findings and key learning include the researcher's learning as a teacher and as an action researcher. The study also reports some possible strategies for the teachers which may enable them to motivate their students to learn English language. Based on the findings, some implications have also been put forward, along with the general conclusion of the study.
5مارچ 1985ء ناصر بلوچ کی پھانسی اوور کوٹ لکھپت جیل میں الذوالفقار سازش کیس میں 54چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کے جیالوں کو سزائے موت پھر عمر قید میں تبدیلی ۔
(پاکستان کی سیاسی تاریخ کے سب سے بڑے سیاسی مقدمے کا آغاز بھی تین سیاسی کارکنوں ادریس بیگ شہید عثمان غنی شہید و ادریس طوطی شہید کو پھانسی لگا کر کیا گیا فیصلے کے دن بھی ناصر بلوچ کو پھانسی دی گئی ۔
4/5مارچ 1985ء کی درمیانی شب تھی صبح ہماری ملاقات کا دن تھا ۔جوکہ ہفتے میں ایک بار 30منٹ کے لیے ہوتی تھی ۔میں اپنیسیل میں بیٹھا سر پر تیل کی مالش کر رہا تھا کہ ثقلین شاہ (چیف چیکر جو جیل کے تمام احاطوں کا انجارج ہو تا ہے )معمول کی گشت پر میرے کمرے کے سامنے سے گزرتے ہوئے رک گیا ۔ثقلین شاہ جیل کے اچھے افسروں میں شامل تھا ۔وہ چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کا ہمدردتو تھا ایک واقعہ کے بعد گرویدہ ہو گیا یوںکہ ہمارے مقدمے کی سماعت کے دوران محرم کا مہینہ آ گیا ۔
ہم 54ساتھیوں کو پھانسی پہرہ بلاک نمبر دو سے سپیشل ملٹری کورٹ لے جایا جا تا تھا جو کہ جیل کے آخری کونے میں جہاں فیکٹری تھی وہاں خصوصی طور پر نئی تعمیر کی گئی عمارت تھی ۔ایک بہت بڑا ہال جس میں بیٹھنے کیے لیے لکڑی کے بینچ اور سامنے جج ایک برگیڈئیر ایک کرنل ایک مجسٹریٹ اور اس کا عملہ ۔درمیان میں دس فٹ کا جنگلہ تاکہ ہم جج پر حملہ نہ کر سکیں ۔برگیڈئیر سے بات کر نے کے لیے سپیکر اور مائیک کا استعمال ہو تا محرم الحرام میں جب ہمیں فوجی عدالت میں لے جا یا جا تا تو 54قیدیوں کو بیڑیاں لگی...
Regarding life, people’s thoughts have always been different. This is because of their personal opinions and social and political life that greatly affects human lives. Some people lead a joyful and content life. They think life is full of joys and happiness. Therefore, they always remain hopeful about it; and thus lead a happy life. These optimists always search the positive aspects of life; and shun themselves away from the negative aspects which blacken life. Amongst such people, one is Elia Abu Madi who seems to have adopted the positive and pleasurable aspect of life and invites others to do so. He is of the view that happiness is in human’s hand. If he wants, he can bring himself happiness. This article describes the mentioned strategy of this great poet that he has presented in his poem “The Philosophy of Life”.
The internet is getting credit for being a backbone of information sharing these days. As the
demand of the transmission of information on the un-trusted network increases, people
demanding the more secure mechanism to share data on hybrid networks. Now a day, the Ib
contents contain multimedia which demands security along with a maximum compression ratio
of transmission over the networks. The aim of this research paper is twofold, one the novel
lightIight encryption method is proposed which is based on Permutation rounds with exclusive
OR (P-XOR) and second the implementation of expert systems to auto detects three different
security levels for hybrid devices/networks. P-XOR is a symmetric stream cipher with three keys
of 128 bits along with five rounds. As per the need of heterogeneous devices and networks, three
security levels are implemented on the compression stage of H.264 bit-streams. Three cipher
algorithms, i.e. exclusive OR (XOR) for low level security, Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) for high level security and newly proposed P-XOR for medium level security are selected
by the implementation of fuzzy rule based expert system. The proposed expert system
intelligently selected the best security level by judging the device and network requirements for
H.264 video transmission. The proposed framework has resolved the key problem of selecting
the same level of hybrid infrastructure, i.e. the devices like mobiles, tablets, laptops and servers
with differing requirements like energy, storage, and resolution and frame rate. The results on
different sample videos have confirmed the validity of the proposed expert system for selection
of different security levels. As a research contribution, the implementation of proposed
framework has provided the minimum computational cost due to selective encryption, better
performance in terms of selection time by the expert system, video format compliance and
without network overhead for encrypted videos on said security levels.