All aspects of the curriculum must be considered in approaching the support of classroom change, including those aspects that apparently have not been changed. That is, change in any syllabus, materials, assessment, the curriculum in practice (teaching approaches, learning approaches, etc.) must be seen in the context of support being needed by teachers and students, to understand the implications for all of these aspects. Consistent with the needs of the context and demand of holistic change, I conducted a project on the enrichment of the planned and enacted curriculum, with hands-on learning at a community-based school in Karachi, Pakistan. Hands-on learning is a powerful approach to learning of science, as it involves observation, investigation and inquiry. Moreover, POE (prediction, observation, explanation) was used in this project as a teaching strategy. Gunstone and White (1996) say, Prediction Observation-Explanation, which we abbreviate to POE (p. 44).This strategy can help teachers to explore students' prior knowledge. This enables teachers to know students' prior knowledge and build their teaching on students' prior knowledge. On this basis, teachers can also plan to address alternate frameworks of students, if any. Furthermore, the use of low-cost and no-cost material in hands-on was also used, as known that it contributes to change in students' attitude towards learning science, and creating new ideas as well. In this project I specifically worked with two science teachers, teaching the elementary classes (One was teaching in class VI and the other was teaching in class VIII). The main objectives of the project was to develop teachers' awareness about hands-on learning, to develop their skills of preparation and conduction of hands-on learning, and to assist them in developing their skills to incorporate hands-on activities, in their teaching and assessment. The outcomes of the project include the development of teachers' awareness about hands-on activities and skills about preparation and conduction of hands-on learning using POE and low-cost and no-cost materials. They also developed awareness about teaching and assessing hands-on learning in some specific content areas (e.g. physical properties of water, properties of air, sound and light) of science. This is evident in the form of a manual on hands-on learning. Furthermore, teachers' prepared lesson plans, with incorporation of hands Dissertation on learning, use of low-cost and no-cost material, activity template, assessment rubric, teachers' written content (about physical properties of water, properties of air, sound and light) and teaching are evidences of their enhancement in
موضوع4: زبان کے خاندان زبانیں کیسے پیدا ہوئیں؟اس سوال کے جواب پر ماہرین متفق نہیں ہیں۔ کسی نے کہا ہے غیر ذی روح اشیاء مثلاً پانی، ہوا وغیرہ کے شور کی نقل سے الفاظ بنائے گئے۔ کسی نے دعوی کیا کہ حیوانات کی آوازوں سے الفاظ اخذ کئے گئے۔ کوئی انسان کی ضطراری یا نعروں کو زبان کی بنیاد قرار دیتا ہے۔ ان قیاس آرائیوںکی بنا پر بہت کم الفاظ کا پتا چلتا ہے۔ ایک بات قابل توجہ ہے، حیوانات اور انسان کو خواص خمسہ اور جبلتیں عطا ہوئی ہیں۔ انسان کو علم ،شعور ارادہ ،اختیار اور قوت گویائی سے بھی نوازا گیا۔ حواس خمسہ اور جبلتوں کے علاوہ ان مذکورہ اوصاف سے گویائی یا بیان کا گہرا تعلق ہے جس نے یہ صفات عطا کیں،اسی نے قوت گویائی بھی عطا کی۔گویائی یا بیان بھی اسی کی دین ہے۔ سورۃ رحمٰن کی تیسری اور چوتھی آیت میں بتایا گیا ہے کہ اللہ عزوجل نے انسان کو پیدا کیا اور اسے بولنا سکھایا( اسے زبان عطا کی)۔ فرنچ اکیڈمی کے نزدیک دنیا میں 2796 زبانیں ہیں۔شمالی امریکہ میں 351،میکسیکو اور وسطی امریکہ میں96 اور جنوبی امریکہ میں783۔ یہ امریکہ کے قدیم باشندوں ، امریکی ہندیوں(Red Indians) کی زبانیں ہیں۔ان کی صحیح گروہ بندی ابھی تک نہیں ہوئی۔بیشتر زبانوں کا مطالعہ کم ہوا ہے۔ جزائر بحرالکاہل کی زبانوں کا پورا مطالعہ بھی نہیں ہوا۔تقریبایہی حال افریقی زبانوں کا ہے جنہیں چار گروہوں میں تقسیم کیا جاسکتا ہے۔یہ گروہ حسب ذیل ہیں :(جہاں زبانوں کی تعداد لکھیں ہے وہاں زبانوں سے بیشتر بولیاں مراد ہیں)۔ 1۔سوڈان گنی گروہ: 435 زبانیں۔یہ گروہ مشرقی افریقہ سے مغربی افریقہ تک، خط استوا کے اوپر پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ ۔بانتو خاندان: 83زبانیں۔۔۔۔یہ خاندان افریقہ کے وسطی اور جنوبی حصوں میں پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ 3۔لش مین گروہ: 6 زبانیں۔ 4۔حامی سامی خاندان: 46 زبانیں۔(حام اور سام...
This study aims to draw a comparative analysis of the powers of local governments in Karachi. The subject of local government structure and its authority has become more important in the current local scenario. The findings of the study reveal that in past successive civilian governments in Pakistan did not pay attention to developing a solid local government system and instead preferred controlling districts and tehsils through the bureaucracy, with the absence of democracy and accountability at the local level. Instead of using this third tier of the government for the delivery of swift and better municipal services, they always made an effort to keep them weakened through legislation at different levels. The situation has now got worst in the biggest city and economic hub of Pakistan where people are deprived of basic facilities due to a handicapped system. The Mayor of the biggest city of Pakistan felt powerless as the provincial government through the Sindh Local Government Act 2013 deprived the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation of its main functions. The local bodies will have to be given the authority and essential powers. Only then these institutions can be made capable of providing basic services to the people.
The objective of this study was to find the impact of Human resource management practices on managerial grid and leadership styles. The current research also studied the mediating role of employee trust and organizational commitment and the moderating role of Leader-Member Exchange model on association of HRM practices, managerial grid and leadership styles. Literary gap was identified where the relationship of HRM Practices, Managerial grid and Leadership styles was not previously explored and tested. The procedure of simple random sample was applied. Data was collected from a sample of 384 managers of 25 private sector companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange. The methodology of structural equation modeling in AMOS was employed to assess hypothesized relationships. All the hypothesized relationships were significant. However, LMX relationship did not moderate the relationship of HRM Practices and Leadership styles. The study will fill the theoretical gap and will help managers and strategists to devise organizational strategies while taking into consideration the relationship of human resource management and leadership.