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The Enrichment of Planned &Amp; Enacted Science Curriculum Through Hands-On Learning for Elementary Class Vi

Thesis Info

Author

Saleem Ahmed

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2005

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727992075

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All aspects of the curriculum must be considered in approaching the support of classroom change, including those aspects that apparently have not been changed. That is, change in any syllabus, materials, assessment, the curriculum in practice (teaching approaches, learning approaches, etc.) must be seen in the context of support being needed by teachers and students, to understand the implications for all of these aspects. Consistent with the needs of the context and demand of holistic change, I conducted a project on the enrichment of the planned and enacted curriculum, with hands-on learning at a community-based school in Karachi, Pakistan. Hands-on learning is a powerful approach to learning of science, as it involves observation, investigation and inquiry. Moreover, POE (prediction, observation, explanation) was used in this project as a teaching strategy. Gunstone and White (1996) say, Prediction Observation-Explanation, which we abbreviate to POE (p. 44).This strategy can help teachers to explore students' prior knowledge. This enables teachers to know students' prior knowledge and build their teaching on students' prior knowledge. On this basis, teachers can also plan to address alternate frameworks of students, if any. Furthermore, the use of low-cost and no-cost material in hands-on was also used, as known that it contributes to change in students' attitude towards learning science, and creating new ideas as well. In this project I specifically worked with two science teachers, teaching the elementary classes (One was teaching in class VI and the other was teaching in class VIII). The main objectives of the project was to develop teachers' awareness about hands-on learning, to develop their skills of preparation and conduction of hands-on learning, and to assist them in developing their skills to incorporate hands-on activities, in their teaching and assessment. The outcomes of the project include the development of teachers' awareness about hands-on activities and skills about preparation and conduction of hands-on learning using POE and low-cost and no-cost materials. They also developed awareness about teaching and assessing hands-on learning in some specific content areas (e.g. physical properties of water, properties of air, sound and light) of science. This is evident in the form of a manual on hands-on learning. Furthermore, teachers' prepared lesson plans, with incorporation of hands Dissertation on learning, use of low-cost and no-cost material, activity template, assessment rubric, teachers' written content (about physical properties of water, properties of air, sound and light) and teaching are evidences of their enhancement in
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سرشاہ محمد سلیمان

سرشاہ محمد سلیمان
سخت افسوس ہے کہ ۱۳/مارچ کی شب میں بارہ بجے کے قریب ہندوستان کے آسمان علم وفضل کا ایک روشن ستارہ جسے لوگ سرشاہ محمدسلیمان کے نام سے جانتے تھے یکایک موت کے آغوش میں گر کر قیامت تک کے لیے غروب ہو گیا۔سرشاہ محمد سلیمان مرحوم اپنی ذہانت وطباعی اوراعلیٰ قانونی وعلمی قابلیت و لیاقت کے باعث جس طرح سرزمین ہند کے لیے مایۂ صد افتخارونازش تھے۔اسی طرح اپنے سچے اورپکے مذہبی معتقدات واعمال کی وجہ سے آج کل کے انگریزی تعلیم یافتہ لوگوں کے لیے باعث ہزار عبرت وموعظت بھی تھے۔ دل اور دماغ دونوں کی اچھائیاں بیک وقت بہت کم لوگوں میں جمع ہوتی ہیں۔مرحوم ان دونوں قسم کی خوبیوں کاایک ایسا مجموعۂ دل افروز تھے جس کی یاد برسوں تک ہندوستان کے ارباب علم وفضل کوخون کے آنسو رلائے گی۔
سرشاہ محمد سلیمان مرحوم ۳/فروری ۱۸۸۶ء کوجون پور کے ایک سید گھرانے میں پید ا ہوئے۔ابتدائی تعلیم یہیں پائی۔میٹرک پاس کرنے کے بعد الہٰ آباد کے میورسنٹرل کالج میں داخل کیے گئے۔۱۹۰۶ء میں بی اے کا امتحان پاس کیا اور تمام صوبہ میں اوّل رہے۔اس امتیاز کی بناپر انہیں اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لیے گورنمنٹ سے وظیفہ ملااورآپ ہندوستان کوالوداع کہہ کرکیمبرج کے کرائسٹ چرچ کالج میں داخل ہوگئے۔۱۹۰۹ء میں ریاضیات کا اعلیٰ امتحان (Tripos) پاس کیا اور پھر ۱۹۱۰ء میں بیرسٹری شروع کی۔جس میں اُنہوں نے بہت جلد نمایاں کامیابی حاصل کرلی۔۱۹۲۰ء میں اُن کو الہٰ آباد ہائیکورٹ کا جج مقرر کیا گیا۔۱۹۲۸ء اور ۱۹۲۹ء میں وہ عارضی چیف جج کی حیثیت سے کام کرتے رہے۔ ۱۶/ مارچ ۱۹۳۲ء کوانہیں مستقل چیف جسٹس کردیا گیا۔پھر جب فیڈرل کورٹ قائم کی گئی تو وہ اُس کے جج بنا کردہلی بھیج دیے گئے اوربالآخر ۱۳/مارچ کی شب میں یہیں جان جاں آفریں کے سپرد کرکے نظام الدین اولیاء میں ایک مقام پرجو...

Macroeconomic Instability and Terrorism Nexus: Empirical Evidence in Case of Pakistan

The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.

Partial Replacement of Fish Meal With Sunflower Meal in Labeo Rohitta Diet Through Acidification and Phytase Supplementation

Labeo rohita (Rohu) is one of the commercially important carp of south Asia due to its consumer’s preference. It is being traditionally cultured extensively and semi-intensively under poly and composite culture systems. Efforts are always required to introduce it in intensive culture system to achieve highest productivity. The byproducts of plant sources such as cotton seed meal, sunflower meal and corn gluten have great potential to replace expensive fish meal. The presence of antinutritional factors in these by- products chelates with nutrients which ultimately make them unavailable to the agastric and monogastric animals like fishes. The availability of nutrients of byproducts can be increased by acidification and supplementation with microbial enzymes. This present project was planned with the objective to replace the fish meal by sunflower meal in the diets of Labeo rohita. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing different levels of fish meal and sunflower meal percentage were prepared. These diets were further supplemented with three levels of microbial phytase and citric acid each in 4×3×3 factorial experiment. This experiment was conducted in Fish Nutrition Laboratory and diets were fed to L. rohita till satiation. The samples of diets, feces and whole body were processed for various minerals and proximate analyses. Fish growth parameters such as weight gain, FCR, FCE, SGR and digestibility of nutrients were determined and compared statistically to reach to certain conclusions. The partial replacement of fish meal by sunflower meal negatively affected the growth of fish (weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion rate). The supplementation of 1000 FTU/kg phytase and 3% citric acid in diets significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the growth parameters (weight gain, FCR, specific growth rate), apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, P). The significant improvement was observed in the dry matter, protein, fat, energy and ash contents of whole body of L. rohita. The interaction of citric acid and phytase significantly (p<0.05) affected the body composition of rohu. The cost benefit analysis revealed that 13 % fish meal based diet was economically feasible and the farmers could overcome the financial challenges by lowering the feed cost and it will also contribute in the sustainability of aquaculture.