I explored the impact of the 1997, English VT programme on English language teachers, in terms of how the programme affected their classroom practices. This study revealed the programme's indirect impact on other teachers through the VTs sharing of their learning experiences with their colleagues. I explored the familiarity of the VT's with language teaching approaches, and I concluded that both the teachers I worked with were generally familiar with four major language teaching approaches. Nighat was familiar with three approaches, but was not clear about the fourth. Shama could not explain the approaches by specific names, but she appeared to be practising these approaches in her classroom. In regard to the four language skills, the study revealed that Nighat was clearly familiar with the term integration, as she immediately used the term integration in talking about her teaching. Shama did not use the term integration, but her practice in the real situation in the classroom suggested that she knew how to teach language through integration. In regard to the component of teaching grammar communicatively, both Nighat and Shama were clearly familiar with the term and this was evident not only by their informal discourse about teaching grammar communicatively, but also by observation. The study also revealed that Nighat and Shama were capable of analysing as well as evaluating the syllabi and textbooks, and of enriching both of these, through the creation of their own worksheets and activity sheets. The teachers also derived benefit from the component of the teaching practice in the VT programme. Their classroom practices revealed that the teachers did benefit from the component of teaching practice and that they continued with the significant events of teaching practice such as, teaching the syllabus communicatively, providing positive feedback to their colleagues and teaching of vocabulary by associating them with ideas. The teachers also benefited from the coverage of assessment. Both Nighat and Shama seemed familiar with alternative assessment practices. Nighat however, could not implement these because of the constraints of board examinations, but she was able to assist her other colleagues in designing assessment sheets. Shama seemed to implement these alternative assessment practices. The study suggested that both the teachers were familiar with the term reflection and reflective teaching. They were also aware of the benefits of writing reflective Dissertation Abstracts MEd III Class of 1999 18 journals. The study also revealed that Nighat and Shama had shared
ڈاکٹر عبداللطیف مرحوم کراچی سے جناب ظفراﷲ صاحب کا ایک تار ملا کہ ان کے والد بزرگوار جناب ڈاکٹر عبداللطیف اﷲ کو پیارے ہوگئے اس خبر سے انتہائی دکھ ہوا کہ شرافت، اخلاق، مروت، اخلاص مہمان نوازی اور کارخیر کا ایک مجسمہ اب وہاں ہے جہاں ایک روز سب کو جانا ہے، ان کا آبائی وطن تو مدھیہ پردیش تھا، مگر تقسیم ہند کے بعد وہ پاکستان چلے گئے، پیشہ کے لحاظ سے وہ ایم۔ بی۔ بی۔ ایس ڈاکٹر تھے، پاکستان سے وہ کویت چلے گئے، جہاں تقریباً پچیس ۲۵ سال مقیم رہے، اور اپنے طبی فن کی وجہ سے بڑی ناموری حاصل کی، اور خدا جانے کتنی دولت پیدا کی، دولت سے تو ان کو لگاؤ کم رہا، لیکن کارخیر کرنے سے بڑی محبت رہی، وہ جتنا زیادہ کماتے، اس سے زیادہ اس برصغیر کیا، بلکہ دنیا کے مختلف حصوں کے دینی مدرسوں اور اداروں کی خدمت کرتے، اور جتنی زیادہ خدمت کرتے، اتنی ہی زیادہ ان کی دولت میں برکت ہوتی، کارخیر کرنے میں ان کو جو لذت ملتی وہی ان کا سرمایۂ زندگی بنتی رہی، علامہ شبلی نعمانیؒ، مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ اور دارالمصنفین کی مطبوعات اور معارف کے بڑے قدرداں رہے، دارالمصنفین کی ساری کتابیں اپنے یہاں جمع کر رکھی تھیں، اور ان کا مطالعہ بڑے ذوق و شوق سے کرتے، معارف پہنچنے میں تاخیر ہوتی تو بے چین ہوجاتے، اور کسی مہینہ نہیں پہنچتا تو تار بھیج کر منگواتے، کراچی میں بڑی عالی شان کوٹھیاں بنا رکھی تھیں، لیکن خود ان کی ذاتی زندگی بڑی سادہ رہی، سادہ لباس پہنتے، اور اپنی گفتگو میں اس کا اظہار نہ ہونے دیتے کہ وہ کیا ہیں، عجز، انکسار، تواضع، خلق، سخاوت اور فیاضی کا مجسمہ بن کر زندگی گزار دی، مذہبی کتابیں پڑھتے، اور مذہبی باتیں سننے کے لیے بے چین رہتے، یہ خاکسار...
This study examines religious discrimination against religious minorities like Muslims living in Christian populated areas in the south east, Christians are as well living in Muslim dominated areas. Minority Traditional worshippers in either Muslim or Christian majority areas, private institution, companies owned by Christians or Muslims etc. The discrimination against religious minorities has mitigated the peaceful co-existence among religious identities and other major life events which has culminated national development in all spheres of human engagement such as economic, social, political, security, etc. The researchers have tried to provide an analytical study of the empirical data as well as of the existing literature. The result of our findings shows that many religious identities have been denied of securing job opportunities, professing religion of their choice, finding it difficult to receive health care services, managing religious institutions, denied of equal rights of citizens, get political appointments, among others. The study recommends that people of different religions should embrace and tolerate one another, avoid the use of fanaticism, allow religious minorities to practice religion of their choice in order to dislodge prejudices from the society.
Genetic modification of the rooting system may lead to more drought tolerant upland cotton. A number of different root and physiological traits have been suggested as important mechanism of drought tolerance of cotton. This study was conducted to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring root architecture in an interspecific cross Gossypium hirsutum x Gossypium barbadense population. An F 2 population was developed which differed greatly in root characteristics. A genetic map covering 3190.50 cM, with 219 marker loci and 26 linkage groups, was constructed by using this F 2 population. The Two F 2 populations were grown in tube and pots experiments. Tap root traits (length, weight, and lateral root numbers) were evaluated. QTL analysis via composite interval mapping detected 17 QTLs, for three root traits including 3 QTLs for fresh root weight, 6 QTLs for lateral root numbers, and 2 QTLs for tap root length in tube experiment, while in pot experiment, 3 QTLs for fresh root weight and 3 QTLs for lateral root numbers were identified. Individually the QTLs accounted for 11-28% of phenotypic variation. Common QTLs were indentified for fresh root weight and lateral root numbers on chr. 18 & chr. 25 respectively, in both pot and tube experiments. The QTLs for root traits, firstly detected in Gossypium, may provide a basis for marker-assisted selection to improve productivity in root-crop breeding.