مشاركة المسلم في الأعمال السياسية بالبلاد غير الإسلامية وحكمها

In this paper, the question of the participation of the resident Muslim in the foreign countries in politics and its rulings and the statement of some issues that are presented to the Muslim, such as: to elect, run or participate in political parties and other issues related to this topic. And also, tried to study the views of the scholars, and presented them and their attitudes, evidence in them, compared with them. The modern world has witnessed phenomena, which is not hidden to every sane person, which was, the Muslim participation in the political activities in the non-Muslim countries. The importance of this research paper is clear because it reveals the meaning of the political concept in the Holy Quran and prophetic tradition, which made the researcher in the attempt to legalize the matter in this regard and to summarize the statements of ancient and contemporary scholars based on their arguments and evidences. The study concluded That the participation in politics activities non-Muslims societies does not fall within the scope of the doctrine originally, since no one doubts in the doctrine of Muslims that it is not permissible to resort to the tyrant and not to judge except with Allah almighty revealed rules and regulations, and when this doctrine disappears or enter doubt of any act of apostasy and disbelief, which is not satisfied by any sound Muslim at this very moment that falls into haram category. At the end conclusion is drawn from variant views of the scholars, and the main findings and recommendations have been given.

Optimization of Split-Ring and Split-Ball Resonators for Effective Permittivity and Volume Fraction Extraction

Material specifications are required in variety of fields like pharmaceutical, chemical, biological, metallurgical, petro-chemical, food processing/grading, forestry, mining, aerospace, equipment manufacture and quality control applications. When a composite/liquid mixture is prepared by mixing two or more ingredients/liquids, effective permittivity is a function of volume fraction and individual permittivity of constituents. Numerous techniques and methods are in practice for finding effective permittivity and other properties of composite/solution. For obtaining accurate results for low loss materials, resonant perturbation technique is given preference to others. Improved accuracy can be expected by increasing sensitivity of resonant structures. Split-ring resonator for compositional analysis (detection of small changes in volume fraction) of mixture comprising of ethanol and methanol was initially studied. A novel concept of split-ball resonator for such analysis with enhanced sensitivity has been proposed. Proposed empirical formulas for output parameters of split-ball resonator structure have been worked out. Optimization algorithm has been developed to further enhance sensitivity of the two structures by utilizing statistical tools. Large deviations in output parameters and hence sensitivity obtained for optimized resonators. Regression equations obtained for relating output parameters with resonators’ geometry. Sensitivity and comparative analysis with other similar works pertaining to volume fraction and effective permittivity has been performed. Due to optimization, these analyses for moderate/medium as well as high loss material were demonstrated. Bivariate cubic expressions for volume fraction and permittivity of mixture as a function of output parameters have been obtained.