عصر حاضر میں مسلم معاشروں کو درپیش نظریہ الحاد کا فکری چیلنج اور اسلامی تناظر میں اس کا حل

Ideological Challenges of Atheism to the Muslim Societies and their Solutions from Islamic Perspective It’s a matter of fact that Muslim Societies are facing many socio-political and religious challenges within contemporary dominant waves of thought. One of the serious challenges being faced by the Muslim in the current scenario is Atheism. Although in past era, the Atheism couldn’t become influential with general acceptance of commoners but recently, the ideology of Atheism is spreading fast with statistically reported impact on all religions and civilizations. Atheism is a lack of belief in God, gods or any supernatural being along with the rejection of belief that any deities exist. The philosophy of atheism is nothing new, but it has changed its manifestations over a period. This is obvious that Atheism has now become a serious challenge ideologically and morally for Muslim societies. We are living in a fast-changing society, where preservation of Islamic belief is a challenging task particularly for the new young generation and modern educated lot. Atheists use every possible and available mean and tool for preaching their thoughts and beliefs i.e. Print media, electronic media and above all social media. In this context, this study will explore the questions that; what are the effects of Atheism in Muslim Societies and what is its solution in Islamic perspective? Analytical research methodology will be used in this study. This study perceives that the public and private sector universities are the soft target of Atheism. There is suggested legal, ethical & ideological mechanisms to protect Muslim Societies from threat of Atheism.

Breeding Strategies to Improve Yield and Quality Traits of Vigna Radiata × Vigna Mungo Recombinants

The present study was conducted in the experimental field of Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) and the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Seventy two mung × mash inter-specific recombinants were evaluated for various yield traits and for resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD). Thirty six promising recombinants were selected on the basis of desirability index and these were also confirmed at molecular level. Sixteen male specific recombinant genotypes were selected and evaluated for quality traits. On the basis of overall performance in different experiments, five recombinant genotypes were finally selected and 5 × 5 diallel crosses were attempted. Parents and F1 hybrids were evaluated thereafter for the study of inheritance patterns of different traits. The magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability ranged from (2.73% to 28.97%) and (3.46% to 31.95%) respectively. Moderate to high Broad sense heritability value was observed, it ranged from (34% to 99%) with greatest value (h2 = 99%) for 100-seed weight. Low to medium genetic advance was observed with highest value of (10.591) for plant height. High heritability values coupled with high genetic advance were observed for clusters per plant, pods per plant, and seed yield per plant indicating the presence of additive gene action. Pods per plant had higher value of genetic advance (46.12%) followed by number of clusters per plant (38.06%) and seed yield (30.82%). Pods per plant had maximum positive and significant genotypic (rg = 0.903) and phenotypic (0.860) correlations with clusters per plant. Days to flower, plant height, pods per plant and cluster per plant appeared to be the most prominent characters as they had highly significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations with seed yield. Pods per plant were also appeared to be the most important secondary trait suggesting greatest improvement in mean seed yield (31%) followed by plant height (24%) and clusters per plant (5%). Selection for number of pods per plant showed promise for greatest improvement in seed yield that was 54% of the improvement possible through direct selection for seed yield followed by clusters per plant and plant height. The aggregate index score of desirability ranged from 4 to 13 and the genotype, MMH 11534 was at the top followed by MMH 53105. Thirty six promising genotypes having high yield potential and disease resistance were selected. Universal Rice Primer (URP) and RAPD markers confirmed 16 recombinants which were also reconfirmed by SSR markers. The primer, SSR VR0111 confirmed maximum number of genotypes as male specific recombinants. Sixteen recombinant genotypes were selected on the basis of their male parent specific banding pattern and diversified PCR. The recombinant genotype, MMH 4224 got improved with respect to all essential amino acid, while MMH 1115, MMH 2112, MMH 7124 and MMH 4255 also exhibited significant improvement. On the basis of overall performance in different experiments, seven recombinant genotypes, viz; MMH 1115, MMH 4224, MMH 4255, MMH 7124, MMH 2112, MMH 4295 and MMH 2225 were observed to be more prominent and hence these were selected as elite lines. These lines were true inter - specific recombinants and possessed excellent nutritional quality coupled with high yield potential and disease resistance. Considering the worth of these elite lines, it was suggested that these may be used for further evaluation in different trials for the release of new commercial cultivars. All the traits studied were under the control of dominant gene action except 100-seed weight. Heterosis breeding was recommended for these traits and recombination breeding was suggested for the improvement of 100-seed weight. The hybrids having positive and significant SCA effects were recommended for heterosis breeding and the hybrids whose parents have significant GCA effects and non- significant SCA effects were recommended for further progeny testing.