The ability to speak good English in Pakistan is considered a pivotal point around which the success of life moves. Teaching and learning English as a foreign language in the main stream schools of this country, however, revolves around reading and writing. In most classrooms listening and speaking skills are ignored. The reason for focusing on reading and writing is that only these two skills are assessed in examination. Recent research indicates the importance of speaking in this learning process. Oral language, both speaking and listening, is a life time activity; it enhances pupils' understanding of language in both oral and written forms and the way language can be used to communicate. This investigation is a case study focusing on the relationship of the classroom environment and students' speaking skill in an elementary classroom. Major finding indicates that a conducive environment created by the teacher helps students to enhance their speaking skills. For elementary students to be fluent in speaking the target language, the teacher needs to give them opportunities to talk about their own experiences. Physical environment is also important in learning a foreign language. A place is needed where students can have an opportunity to share their ideas closely. The class should be well lighted with moveable furniture to facilitate effective group work. This study found that small group' work is an effective strategy in creating a conducive environment for promoting students' speaking skills. Such a supportive non-threatening environment increases students' learning outcomes, which further brings about the desired change in the teacher's perception about the role of speaking in the learning process. The study also found that small group work is appropriate for students' speaking especially for shy and withdrawn students, where all the students can get a chance to talk about various topics. Teachers' role and responsibility in not limited to influencing the academic and intellectual performance of the students. Teachers can meet this responsibility by stimulating students thinking by encouraging discussions, dialogue, and role-play, and also by describing pictures and guiding students in evaluating the worth of ideas.
مولانا محمد رحمت اﷲ اسی مہینہ ایک اورحادثہ یہ پیش آیا کہ ہمارے رفیق ادارہ مولوی محمدعبداﷲ صاحب طارق کے والدماجد مولانا محمدرحمت اﷲ صاحب چند روز کی معمولی علالت کے بعد کم وبیش سا ٹھ برس کی عمر میں نظام الدین اولیاء، نئی دہلی میں وفات پاگئے۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْن۔ دارالعلوم دیوبند کے فارغ التحصیل اور علوم دینیہ میں پختہ استعداد کے مالک تھے۔ درس وتدریس اورتحریر کابھی کبھی کبھی مشغلہ رہا، لیکن اُن کا اصل میدان وعظ وخطابت تھا، اس میں انھوں نے بڑا نام پیدا کیا۔ مدراس اور گجرات ومہاراشٹر کے مسلمانوں کاایک بڑا طبقہ اُن کا گرویدہ تھا۔ نہایت خوش گفتار، عابد و زاہد اور خلیق و ملنسار تھے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان دونوں بزرگوں کوبخشش کی نعمتوں سے نوازے اوراُن کے مدارج بلند فرمائے ۔آمین۔ [جولائی۱۹۷۶ء]
Colonialism is strictly referred to the policies and Methods by an Imperial Power maintained and extended its control over the territories or People. A policy of extending a Country’s Power and influence through diplomacy or military. It also affects the literature of the Subject Country which is controlled by the colonialist. This Article Present an analysis of Colonial system and its impact for migration and its hurdles in Urdu Poem.
This research work focuses on design and analysis of low-cost, single-layer broadband reflectarrays for X-band applications. Traditionally, parabolic reflectors and phased arrays were introduced to obtain the high gain. The disadvantages associated with traditional antenna types include: narrow bandwidth, high fabrication cost and complex feed networks. Recently, reflectarray antennas have been developed to overcome the disadvantages associated with parabolic reflectors and phased arrays. High gain reflectarray antennas are typically employed in radars, satellite communication and direct broadcasting applications. Four different type of delay-lines integrated reflectarray elements which include: single circular delay-line, pair of circular delay-lines, quad-meander and T-shape delay-lines are designed to obtain a broad linear phase range, high gain and good aperture efficiency. The reflectarray unit element performance is investigated in terms of phase range, Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes and far-field radiation patterns. The reflectarray unit element is analyzed by using circuit model technique and equivalent circuit results are verified through High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS™). The circuit model technique replaces the lengthy full-wave simulation of FEM method. This method provides fast and accurate calculation of electromagnetic parameters i.e. magnitude and phase range. The unit element shape and configurations are used to extract the lumped parameters and reflection characteristics. The reflectarray antenna system contains a feed horn antenna and an arrangement of phase shifting array elements. A hybrid Finite Element Boundary Integral (FEBI) method is used for electromagnetic modeling of reflectarray antenna system. The FEBI method provides accurate electromagnetic analysis of complex and medium-to-large sized structures. The reflectarray far-field radiation characteristics are obtained by using the hybrid FEBI method. The reflectarray antenna system model comprises of feed horn antenna and array of phase shifting elements. The feed horn antenna and array elements are designed separately. The effect of the incident angle, feed-to-diameter ratio and transmission modes can easily be considered in the FEBI based system simulations. The proposed reflectarray prototypes are fabricated and measured on a low-cost FR-4 substrate. The reflectarray antenna measurements are made in anechoic chamber. A gain of more than 20 dBi is realized for the proposed reflectarray configurations. The simulated and measured cross polarizations and side-lobe-levels are below -20 dB in all design configurations. More importantly, simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results.