The focus of this study was to explore how to conduct effective clinical conferences with Diploma nursing students at The Aga Khan University School of Nursing (AKUSON) a private nursing school in Pakistan. To accomplish this goal I worked with two nursing faculty of year two and year three along with their clinical group consisting of eleven students each. In this situation I worked as a catalyst being a resource person and facilitator, using action research in my attempt to make clinical conferences more effective. Even though students course work comprises of both theory and practice my project focused on the improvement of the process of clinical conferences as it is related to the clinical component of students' learning. Since all existing research on clinical conferences is based in western countries, I have used Wink (1995) and Matheney (1969) as a framework to guide this study and look at their applicability to the Pakistani context. Teachers mostly used students presentation as a strategy to conduct clinical conferences, in the pre-intervention stage of the study. Four out of five teachers asked students to present, although 64% of students admitted that they did not like presentations as a strategy for learning (N=22). During these conferences one or two students presented to the clinical group of 10-12 students. Initially less time was given to discuss nursing, whereas, in the intervention stage the conferences were entirely nursing based. In the intervention stage post-conferences were held using teaching strategies such as guided imagery, role-play, case-studies, debate, nursing rounds, and cooperative learning. Presentation style of conducting post-conferences was modified, whereby students participated, shared experiences, learnt from and between each other. These prototype conferences were rated as highly effective' both by students and teachers. In the post-intervention stage 73% of students (N=22) rated the conferences as ‘good' and ‘excellent'. The students' perception of an effective clinical conference at the post-intervention stage was that it should consists of two way communication involving many strategies to build on clinical practice where everyone participates. During the intervention stage students worked in small groups, the teacher as part of the group, sharing ideas, information and experiences with each other. Time was utilized effectively and the conferences were enjoyable. In this way the teacher helped and encouraged the students in the learning process.
اقبال کا تصور مردِمومن نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم صاحب صدر معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کی سعادت نصیب ہورہی ہے وہ ہے:’’اقبال کا تصور مرد مومن ‘‘ معزز سامعین! علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کا تصور مردمومن کوئی نیا تصورنہیں ہے۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو حضرت جنید بغدادی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو بایزید بسطامی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو فرید الدین گنج شکر رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جوخواجہ معین الدین چشتی اجمیری رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے نوے لا کھ کو کلمہ پڑھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو داتا گنج بخش علی ہجویری رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے لاہور کی مسجد میں کعبہ دکھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو بہاؤ الدین زکریا ملتانی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے معاصرین میں اپنا لوہا منوا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو غوث پاک رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے ہر چاند کی گیارہ کو میلادُالنبی ؐ کی محفل سجا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو حضرت امام حسینؑ نے سر نیزے پر چڑھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو حضرت صدیق اکبر ؓ نے غار میں سانپ سے ڈسوا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جومحسنِ کائنات نے طا ئف کے میدان میں تبلیغ کے دوران پتھر کھا کر پیش کیا۔ یہ وہی تصور ہے جو اللہ تعالیٰ نے مرد مومن کو اپنا خلیفہ بنا کر پیش کیا۔ صاحبِ صدر! علامہ اقبالؒ نے اپنی ساری زندگی اس مساعی جمیلہ میں گزاری کہ انسان جس مقصد کے لیے تخلیق ہوا ہے اسے پورا کرے اور...
Shah Waliullah pioneered the promulgation and publication of Ḥadtih in the Subcontinent. His immediate students and avid readers owned this sacred responsibility and brought forth this beacon of Ḥadtih in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, posthumously. In the said region, not only a meticulous research has been conducted on assorted genres of Ḥadtih but also a profound work has been executed on its treatise. Especially, “The Ṣaḥiḥ Bukhari” has remained the focus for research and analysis. Besides, in madaris of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, different sermons and oral disquisitions of the noteworthy religious scholars and Ḥadtih experts (specifically “Ṣaḥiḥ Bukhari”) have been recorded and published in several books and booklets. In this respect, the researcher has uncovered twenty seven published and non-published treatises. In this dissertation, the work of the eminent Ḥadtih scholars is collated, vetted and analyzed, while this introductory analysis is about the Ḥadtih books published particularly during the period ء1901 to ء2015. This research study will be helpful in realizing the arduous efforts and valuable services rendered by the experts in the field of Ḥadtih.
Introduction: Microsatellite instability is one of three molecular pathways described in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma. The presence of microsatellite instability in patients with colorectal cancer has implications for prognosis and family counselling. Deficiency in mismatch repair genes leads to microsatellite instability and this can be reliably demonstrated in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue by methods, which include immunohistochemistry for the detection of mismatch repair proteins.
Local data show a disproportionately large number of younger patients with colorectal cancer compared to that documented in Caucasians. Colorectal cancer in younger ages is often attributed to deficient mismatch repair.
The objective of this study therefore, was to determine the proportion of colorectal cancers associated with the microsatellite instability pathway through detection of the mismatch repair proteins on immunohistochemistry.
Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 80 colorectal adenocarcinoma resection specimens received over a three-year period from January 2009 to January 2012. The mismatch repair gene mutation expression was analysed by immunohistochemical staining for products of mismatch repair genes. Associated clinical and pathologic characteristics were reviewed and documented.
Results: The proportion of deficient mismatch colorectal cancer in the study was 19.4% [95% CI 11.7%-30.4%].There was a significant but weak association between mismatch repair gene protein expression and tumour grade, and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (tumour grade Cramer’s V=0.263, p=0.031; tumour infiltrating lymphocytes Cramer’s V=0.246, p=0.044). Mismatch repair gene protein expression outcome showed significant but moderately strong association with the anatomic site of tumour, and tumour histological type (anatomic site Cramer’s V=0.469, p=0.001, tumour histological type Cramer’s V=0.469, p=0.001,).
Conclusions: The study provides preliminary data of the contribution of the deficient mismatch repair molecular pathway of colorectal cancer in Kenya.