The purpose of the study was to understand the classroom practices and development of Zeba, an ESL teacher. To explore her ideas, I used narrative inquiry. Narrative inquiry enables teachers not only to make sense of their professional worlds, but also to make significant and worthwhile changes within themselves and their teaching practices (Johnson & Golombek, 2002). One teacher was involved in the study. The data was collected through interviews, classroom observations and available documents. The research findings revealed that the teacher's past experiences influence her classroom practices. The teacher spent a sufficient amount of time in apprenticeship of observation, which influenced her beliefs. She follows those techniques, which her teachers used when she was a student. Secondly, the supportive context of the school in which she works enabled her to develop her classroom practices. Zeba actually learned to teach on-the-job. This experiential learning helped her in her development in her classroom practices. However, mentoring, self-directed learning through reflection writing and other formal and informal courses, like workshops, reshaped her beliefs about teaching and learning.
یہودیت میں تاریخ کو بنیادی حیثیت حاصل ہے تاہم جس بے کسی کی زندگی یہودیوں کا مقدر رہی ہے اس سے ان کی تاریخ کا ہر گوشہ متاثر ہوا ہے۔ یہودی فرقوں کی تاریخ کو بھی اس ضمن میں استثنا حاصل نہیں ہے۔ نیز فرقوں کی تقسیم کے بیان کرنے میں بھی یہودی مؤرخین منفرد مزاج کے حامل ہیں، مثلاً پرانے وقتوں میں بارہ یہودی قبائلشمالی اور جنوبی ریاستوں میں بٹ گئے تھے۔ شمالی ریاست میں بتوں کی عبادت کو رواج دیا جانے لگا تھا۔ اول سلاطین میں اس حوالے سے آیا ہے:
۔۔۔ یُربعام نے سو نے کے دو بچھڑے بنوائے۔ بادشاہ یربعام نے لوگوں سے کہا، 'تمہیں یروشلم کو عبادت کے لئے نہیں جانا چاہیے اے اسرائیلیو! یہی سب دیوتا ہیں جو تمہیں مصر سے باہر لائے۔ بادشاہ یُر بعام نے ایک سونے کا بچھڑا بیت ایل میں رکھا۔ اس نے دوسرا سونے کا بچھڑا شہر دان میں رکھالیکن یہ گناہ عظیم تھا۔ بنی اسرائیلیوں نے بیت ایل اور دان کے شہروں میں بچھڑوں کی پرستش کر نے کے لئے سفر کیے لیکن یہ بہت بڑا گناہ تھا۔[1]
شمالی ریاست نے نہ صرف ایک خدا پر یقین کے عقیدے کو بدل ڈالا اور دو بچھڑوں کو معبود بنا لیا۔ ان واقعات کو ایک نئے فرقے کی شروعات کے طور پر دیکھا جا سکتا ہے اس کے برعکس یہودی محققین نہ صرف ان عوامل کو بلکہ موسیؑ، داؤدؑ...
The Syntactical Study of the Quranic Phraseology Arabic language renders primal focus on syntactical placement of words in a sentence id est each constituent of the sentence contains some specific placement which connotes the propriety of the sentence and it plays a vital role in its structural unity. It ought to be kept in mind that ancient syntacticians had unanimously concluded the primal role of specific placement. They highlighted its various forms as in some conditions constituents of a sentence can be replaced from its specific structural placement, for instance, object is placed in place of subject as in “ jaa ni alqom”( جاءني القوم) the people came to me. While in some other cases and conditions such replacement is not admissible and if such re-structure is made, it will dilute the connotation, for instance, the positions of conjunctive pronoun before the principal clause, adjective with noun, possessive noun with the noun-possession and the conditional clause with the sub-ordinate clause are not admissible otherwise all these re-placement of the constituents in a sentence will cause the deformation of structure and implications.
It’s make the most important issue after Soviet Union’s invasion on Afghanistan in 1979, and event of 9/11/2001, Brought forth an entirely new situation not only for Pakistan, s domestic and external policies but for all the regional countries and world. Its impact on relations between the two historical, traditional friends and neighboring Muslim countries, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The main purpose of the research is to explore and examine the key aspects and interactions between the two countries by focusing attention on the political, economical and other policies of the two countries. The study begins from the time of indepdence of Pakistan in 1947 to 2001. The central point of the study focuses upon the hypothesis that ‘’since 1978 Pak- Afghan diplomacy have remained very successful in achieving their foreign policy objectives.’’ The study analyses the different geo-strategic perceptions and conflicting interests on the regional and global issue, which ultimately made these tradional friends and immediate neighbors’ avirtualrivals and strong competitors. The purpose is to make a good attempt to study the various aspects of Pak-Afghan relations in the context of rapidly geo-strategic environment, and to explore the potentional areas that could provide new avenues for improvement in the bilateral relations between these two brotherly neighboring countries. The study will also help to understand the concerns of the two countries under study vis –a-vis various bilateral as well as multilateral issues that the figure in the overall context of regional peace and stability. The impact of these relations would be analyzed through the local, regional, and International dynamic. Moreover, various turns and twists that Pak-Afghan relations have taken during the five-decad have been elaborateh upon Different theories, approaches and methods have been used in order to examine, analyze, and to access the depth and the nature of relationship between the two countries.