Role of Islamic System of Education in Moral Behavior and Spiritual Identity of Muslims

Humans have always had the curiosity to know themselves, to know the world around them, and to know their place in the world. Morality, spirituality and religion are closely intertwined, ‘certain moral ideas became united with certain religious and spiritual ideas to such an extent as to become indistinct from them’. The role of religion in educational institutions is one of the most sensitive and volatile topics on the political and legal landscape now a days especially in country like Pakistan which has been created on religious ideology. The Islamic Way of Life is based on this unique approach to life and a peculiar concept of man's place in the Universe. Islam has provided mankind with the highest possible standard of morality. This moral code, which is both straightforward and practical, provides the individual with innumerable ways to embark upon and then continues the path of moral evolution. By making divine revelation the primary source of knowledge, moral standards are made permanent and stable. The first part of the paper is about the relationship between education and its role as spiritual and moral tool of training. Second part deals with the concept of education in Islam and third part will present types of knowledge in Islam and their application as moral and spiritual tool of education. Last part will give moral and spiritual training methodology in Islamic education. The relationships between ‘moral’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religious’ seem to be akin to the relationships between the cluster ‘social’, ‘human’ and ‘political’. In each of these clusters, only beings of the kind appropriately described by the middle term can engage in activities which could be properly described by the first and third terms. Islam as religion of spirituality and morality gives a frame work to educate and train the students in modeling their life as more moral and spiritual with practical application in this life and success in the hereafter. The chief characteristic of the Islamic Concept of Life is that it does not admit a conflict, nay, not even a significant separation between life-spiritual and life-mundane. It does not confine itself merely in purifying the spiritual and the moral life of man in the limited sense of the word. Its domain extends to the entire gamut of life. It wants to would individual life as well as the social order in healthy patterns, so that the Kingdom of God may really be established on the earth and so that peace contentment and well-being may fill the world as water f ills the oceans.  

Topological Decriptors of Chemical Structures

Molecular topology is an important branch of graph theory which has many appli- cations in di erentelds of life like Pharmacology, Chemistry, Bio and many more. Its objective isnd the topological characterization of molecules in terms of numerical invari- ents named as topological indices. A topological index is very important in application of QSPR/QSAR study. Organic chemistry, nanotechnology and biotechnology also have various applications of these descriptors because of their unique properties. The purpose of this thesis is to compute the characterisation of degrees based on topo- logical indices in certain graphs. The application of Atom bond connectivity index are found in rationalizing the stability of linear and branched alkanes as well as the strain energy of cycloalkanes. Basically, the ABC index will be a ected when edges are inserted and deleted. Therefore, motivated by the works done on this, we continue investigate the inserting and deleting of two and three edges of graph. Then, we obtain the complete solution of derivation of ABC index for inserting and deleting of two and three edges. For the latter part, we also investigate inserting of two and three edges for geometric- arithmetic index and obtain the results, respectively. The result in this thesis also covers computation and study on the the degrees based topological indices for some types of nanostructure such as dendrimers, nanotubes nanotori, nanocones and networks. In the rst part, we investigate and obtain the novelty formulas for edge version of ABC(e) , GA(e) and second TUC4C6C8[p; q] nanotube, TUC4C8(s)[m; n] nanotube, H-Naphtalenic NPHX[m; n] nanotube,TUC4C6C8[p; q] nanotori, TC4C8(s)[p; q] nanotori and Nanocones CNCk[n] for K3and n0. Then, we calculate analytical closed results for counting related polynomials like Zagreb polynomial for some families of dendrimers, namelyrst, second and third kind of nanostars, (NS1[n], NS2[n] and NS3[n]). We also continue to investigate and obtain novelty formulas for Boron, Boron and line graphs of TiO2 neighbourhood polynomial, fourth atom-bond connectivity andfth geo- metric arithmetic indices. In the next phase, we study and obtain novelty formulas for the augmented Zagreb,rst reformulated Zagreb, connectivity and sum connectivity indices of certain networks like silicate networks, chain silicate networks, hexagonal networks, oxide networks and honeycomb networks. Many new results for degrees based on topo- logical indices in certain graphs we obtained. The thesis culminates by including some open problems for further investigations.