Action research is a qualitative study through which, one can improve the existing practice. Classroom teachers are actually action researchers, who can improve their teaching and the students' learning through critically reflecting on their practices. My interest evolved as a result of my dissatisfaction of the existing practice of the assessment system in my school, which, motivated me to work on this issue. Teachers consider teaching and assessment as two different aspects. Assessment is done at the end of the term or yearly basis which teachers judge the students learning. The problem is that teachers can't do justice to the students through summative assessments. In contrast, formative assessments help the teachers to assess students' progress on an on-going basis. It also helps teachers to improve their practices. We can try our best to use new and modern techniques and strategies in our classroom, but we cannot be effective teachers until and unless we assess the students' learning on an on-going basis. . This research study was done in my own school keeping in mind the possibilities and challenges of using portfolio as a tool for on-going development of the students' writing skills. The process approach was used to teach the students writing where both the mechanics and structure of the story were focused. Assessment of writing is integral to effective teaching and learning. Portfolio is a manageable, effective, and a fair way of assessing individual student's on-going development of writing skills. It helps the teachers to diagnose the students' needs and interests. In this way the teachers become more aware of them as individuals. That's why we say that it helps teachers to improve their teaching. Certainly when you know the students problems you will probably think about some ways to help them to re-solve those problems. Students need encouragement and qualitative feedback. This is the basic purpose of portfolio assessment so that students bring improvement in their work. Teachers feel it as a burden only because they are not aware of the advantages and the effective uses of portfolio assessment. Once they realize its effectiveness and its contribution in their teaching as well as the students' learning they would not feel it as a burden or extra work.
سید قطب اخوان المسلمین کے مشہور رہنما سید قطب اور ان کے تین ساتھیوں کو ناصر کے خلاف سازش کے جرم میں پھانسی دے دی گئی اور دوسرے لیڈروں کو مختلف المیعاد قید کی سزائیں دی گئیں ہیں جن میں بعض عورتیں بھی ہیں، یہ کوئی خلاف توقع خبر نہیں، ناصر مختلف حیلوں سے اخوان کو ختم کردینے پر تل گئے ہیں، حجاز میں ان پر ناصر کے وحشیانہ مظالم کے جو واقعات معلوم ہوئے تھے، ان کو سن کر الجزائر کے مسلمانوں پر فرانس کے مظالم کی یاد تازہ ہوگئی تھی، یہ وہ دینی شخصیتیں تھیں، جن کے بارے میں کسی سازش کا تصور بھی نہیں کیا جاسکتا لیکن اعلا کلمۃ اﷲ کی تاریخ نیا واقعہ نہیں ہے، بہت سے اصحاب دعوت و عزیمت کو اس راہ سے گزرنا پڑا ہے، گویہ واقعہ ساری دنیائے اسلام کے لیے المناک ہے، لیکن سید قطب اور ان کے رفقا، شہید فی سبیل اﷲ کے درجہ عالی پر سرفراز ہوئے اور دعوت و عزیمت کی تاریخ میں ان کا نام ہمیشہ کے لیے روشن ہوگیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان شہدائے حق پر اپنی رحمت کے پھول برسائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۶۶ء)
During the Dark middle ages of Europe, The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) established the first ever Islamic state, in the Arab soil, at Medinah. The successors of the Prophet, known as Khulfa-i- Rashideen (the Glorious Caliphs) not only maintained it rather they extended with further development. The Caliphate was not only a model statefor the world but also a unique one with respect to its political appratus, principles and the governance. This paper discovers the same uniqueness of the Caliphate in past and modern perspective.
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has aided in many communication networks such as cellular and device to device network. Use of UAV in the area of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an area which has substantial potential. We present such a framework in which UAV provides assistance to the road side unit (RSU) for serving the vehicles. The framework uses carrier sense multiple access scheme (CSMA) with capture effect. This access mechanism is well famous for performance degradation due to its contention-based random nature. We model the behavior of the vehicle by using two dimensional Markov chain; evaluating the state as well as transition probabilities. Parameters such as signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) threshold and the access probability are optimized. Access probability is the probability of a vehicle using certain number out of total number of available channels. We present the RSUUAV framework to enhance the overall throughput and number of successful packets when compared with conventional vehicle-to-infrastructure system. We study the effect of different path loss component of ground-to-air link and ground-to-ground link of UAV and RSU servers respectively on the overall throughput. The transmission power variation is carried out with a combination of relative distance criteria and its scaling factor. Scaling factor is used for compensating the additional height of the UAV when compared with height of the RSU. We numerically find the best possible combination and scaling factor parameter. The proposed framework offers throughput improvement of 37.5%, 24.4% and 8.97% for vehicular density of 60, 120 and 180 respectively when compared with the RSU-only framework. Whereas, the proposed power scheme offers a throughput of upto 20.49% when compared with the constant power case.