خواتین كی ملازمت تعلیمات اسلامی كی روشنی میں

Women employment is a practical issue of the modern age. It is adopted by almost all the nations and countries of the world. In the western countries rights of women including employment, trade, property, education etc were recognized after the efforts ofWomen Liberation Movement. However, in Islam these were declared their basic rights since the first day. A western woman is bound to earn her livelihood as it is not the duty ofa western man to provide her basic needs. However, in Islam a woman is legally protected for the provision of all her basic needs and it is the duty of her father, brother, husband and son to provide these to her. Islam permits a woman to do a job or carry out trade activities and earn money subject to some conditions. These may be carried out by the permission of her husband, father, etc. Besides employment, a woman should perform her obligations at her home and family, which is her basic duty. She must be careful about her husband and children rights. She must observe Hijab and abstain from mixing with non-mehram men and should follow other social teachings of Islam. Wealth earned by her is considered her property and she can spend it any way at her discretion. Study of Islamic History revealed that many of the wives of the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam) and Sahabiyat (RA) carried out business activities and performed other jobs and thus earned money. They spent it to assist the Prophet's noble cause and to assist their husbands and to care their children. These activities were considered authorized and endorsed by the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam)

Evaluation of Synthetic Epsps Gene in Genetically Transformed Plants

Codon optimized synthetic epsps gene was used to develop transgenic tobacco and sugarcane lines using Agrobacterium and biolistic approach, respectively. Putative transgenic tobacco lines analyzed by qRT-PCR showed variable mRNA transcript levels. Southern hybridization performed for determining gene integration patterns showed multiple copy inserts (1-4) of transgene in various tested lines. Immunoblot strips confirmed the translation of cp4-epsps mRNA transcripts in T1 line. Malachite green assay showed variable EPSPS activity levels in various lines in response to glyphosate application. Transgenic tobacco lines exposed to 1% (v/v) glyphosate at 4 to 5 leaf stage showed variable resistance levels ranging from moderate level tolerance to high tolerance. The cp4-epsps mRNA transcript levels varied from genotype to genotype in tested transgenic sugarcane lines regardless of the integration of multiple copy number (3-6) of transgene. Genetic transformation with pyramided constructs results in the integration of multiple genes at a single locus, which is desirable in terms of expression efficiency of transgenes. The cp4-epsps gene was pyramided with insect resistant cry1Ac and cry2Ab genes and cloned in pSb187 vector was used to genetically transform tobacco using Agrobacterium mediated approach. Transgenic lines were confirmed through PCR using gene specific primers of respective genes. The mRNA transcript level of cp4-epsps gene detected through qRT-PCR using GAPDH gene as an internal control was found to be variable among different transgenic lines. Transgenic lines were tested for checking the translational efficiency of all three genes using immunoblot strips. Transgenic tobacco lines found expressing all three proteins were subjected to detached leaf insect bioassays to evaluate the effectiveness of Bt genes in putative transgenic tobacco against insect attack using first instar larvae from Spodoptera littura and Helicoverpa armigera. Transgenic tobacco found to be resistant against these insects showed that cry1Ac and cry2Ab genes were efficient enough in pyramided form. When these transgenic tobacco lines were exposed to glyphosate at 10 to 12 leaf stage, chlorotic symptoms were observed which hinted that herbicide tolerance potential of transgene declined with increasing age of the plants. In order to overcome the spatio temporal gene expression issues, a dual copy epsps expression cassette synthesized under different regulatory elements, cloned in pGreen0029 binary vector was used to generate transgenic tobacco. These tobacco lines exhibited excellent resistance against 19% (v/v) glyphosate at 10-12 leaf stage. This construct has shown tremendous potential regarding transgene expression levels which is required in the field crops. This dual cassette cp4-epsps gene has been recommended for generation of glyphosate resistant cotton and other commercially important cultivars.