آدمی موت سے ڈرتے ہیں جیسا کہ بچے اندھیرے میں جانے سے ڈرتے ہیں۔ اور جیسا کہ کہانیوں سے بچوں کا فطری ڈر بڑھ جاتا ہے۔ یہی حال موت کا ہے یقیناً موت کی سوچ ، کہ یہ گناہوں کی اجرت ہے۔ اور دوسری دنیا کا راستہ مقدس اور مذہبی ہے۔ لیکن یہ انسانی فطرت کے قانون کے مطابق واقع ہوگی یہ ڈر کمزور ہے۔ تاہم مذہبی غور وفکر میں یہ بعض اوقات تکبر اور تو ہم پرستی ہوتی ہے۔ آپ نے کچھ پادریوں کی نفس کشی کی کتابیں پڑھی ہوں گی کہ ایک آدمی اپنے آپ میں سوچتا ہے کہ انگلی کو دبانے اور ایک اذیت دینے سے ہم درد کیوں محسوس کرتے ہیں؟ اور اس سے ہم تصور کر سکتے ہیں کہ موت کے درد کیا ہوں گے ۔ جب سارا جسم تباہ اور تحلیل ہوتا ہے جب بہت مرتبہ موت ایک عضو کی اذیت سے کم درد کے ساتھ گزرتی ہے تو بہت زیادہ اہم حصوں میں تیز حِس نہیں ہوتی ۔ اور اس سے جو محض ایک فلاسفر اور فطری آدمی کے طور پر کہتا ہے ، یہ بڑا اچھا کہا گیا تھا ۔ موت کی مذہبی رسومات کی رفاقت موت سے زیادہ خوف ناک ہوتیں ہیں ۔ آہیں، پریشانیاں اور بے رنگ چہرہ اور دوستوں کا رونا اور سیاہ کپڑے اور رسومات موت کو خوفناک دکھاتے ہیں یہ مشاہدہ کرنے کے قابل کہ انسان کے ذہن میں کوئی جذبہ اتنا کمزور نہیں۔ لیکن یہ موت کے ڈر کو زیر اور مغلوب کرتا ہےاور اس لیے موت خوفناک دشمن نہیں ہے۔ جب ایک آدمی کے پاس موت کے لیے بہت سے جذبات ہوں جو کہ موت کی جنگ سے جیت سکتے ہیں۔ بدلہ موت سے جیت جاتا ہے محبت اس کی پرواہ نہیں کرتی۔ مرتبہ اس کی خواہش کرتا ہے غم اس کو...
This study is about the impact of different global and regional changes resulting from PakistanChina’s defense cooperation and further examines the increasing range of diplomatic cooperation in the social, tactical, and economic realms. The paper focuses on three events: (i) the 1978 transformation of China and its opening-up policies; (ii) disbanding of the U.S.S.R (1991); and (iii) the event of 9/11 in the United States. These events had a significant influence on Pak-China ties. This study is a literature review and contributes to a better understanding of the evolving international systems namely the India-U.S. Tactical relations and strategic cooperation. The paper concludes that China and Pakistan need to preserve amicable, strategic, and diplomatic connections with one another as it is necessary for the peace, security, and economic development of not only China and Pakistan but for the region overall.
Pakistan has a strong geo-strategic location in South Asia that served as a corridor for subsequent human migration events which configured its genetic variation. Besides, Indo-Pak has previous history of frequent invasions that contributed to the diversity of culture and reshaped its genetic makeup. Pakistani population is categorized in various ethnic groups major of them are Punjabi, Pathan, Baloch, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Hazara and Makrani. I have characterized mitochondrial DNA control region, Y-Chromosomal STRs and autosomal STRs on 318 random individuals from three ethnic groups; Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara. Mitochondrial DNA control region analysis revealed that the major proportion of Sindhi and Kashmiri maternal lineage was contributed by South Asian and Eurasian haplogroups respectively. The minor proportion was contributed by East Asian, American and African haplogroups. In Hazara population major maternal components were comprised of Eurasian and South Asian whereas minor maternal components of American and East Asian. Consequently, a series of invasions were reflected in Y-Chromosome gene pool of Pakistani population. Paternally inherited Y-Chromosome STRs analysis showed great haplotype diversity of Sindhi (0.999677), Kashmiri (0.99752) and Hazara (0.99989) populations which were illustrated through median joining network based on haplotypes frequencies. Allelic frequency distribution exhibited that locus DYS385b was more diverse and polymorphic in Kashmiri (0.8001), Sindhi (0.8373) and Hazara (0.8373) populations whereas locus DYS391 was least diverse in Kashmiri (0.4374) and locus DYS392 displayed minimum diversity value in Sindhi (0.4515) and Hazara (0.4515) population. Moreover, in this study 318 individuals from Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara populations were genotyped for 15 autosomal STRs. Distribution of allele frequency and other forensic efficiency parameters; for instance Power of Exclusion (PE), Matching Probability (MP) and Power of Discrimination (PD) were estimated for Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara populations. Locus D2S1338 exhibited maximum power of discrimination in Sindhi (0.9594), Kashmiri (0.963) and Hazara (0.967). Pairwise linkage disequilibrium was also estimated at a probability level of p<0.05 revealed that three loci D3S1358, TPOX and D8S1179 in Sindhi population were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. On the other hand after applying the Bonferroni correction (p<0.003) only one locus TPOX remain deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Locus D18S51 and D19S433 in Kashmiri and Hazara population respectively displayed deviation at the probability level of p<0.005 however, no deviation was observed after Bonferroni correction (p<0.003). Accordingly, the pattern of heterogeneous admixture and genetic variation of selected Pakistani populations were further unveiled by the comparison with local and global populations through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Phylogenetic analysis. PCA based on mitochondrial haplogroups frequency revealed the genetic closeness of all Pakistani populations to each other and also with Uzbekistan. MDS based on Y-chromosome haplotypes exhibited nearness of Kashmiri population with Greece and Serbia whereas Sindhi population indicated the genetic affinity with East Anatolia and Iran. Bipaternal phylogenetic analysis displayed that Sindhi population was in vicinity of Iraq and Kashmiri population was near to South India. Hazara population shared ancestors with Siberia and Mongol populations. Furthermore, the data generated in this comprehensive study can be used to establish lineage of Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara population and to develop a data base of Pakistani population for forensic purpose.