Teacher performance appraisal is used to meet two major purposes. First, the formative purpose of appraisal which is aimed at using appraisal data to improve teaching and learning in school. Second is summative or evaluative purpose of appraisal. The evaluative appraisal is done with the purpose to decide monetary terms and conditions for a teacher. It is observed that, most of the time appraisal data is merely used for evaluative judgments with lack of focus on developmental use of appraisal data.As a result, the appraisal loses its purpose. Therefore, school principal has an important role to play in using appraisal data for developmental purpose in school. It is important to understand the practices and perceptions of school principal on how they use appraisal data in school. The exploration will be helpful to understand opportunities and challenges in the use of appraisal data. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions and practices of schools principals about the use of appraisal data in private schools of Karachi. The research carried out under qualitative paradigm and case study design. Two private schools principals as appraiser were primary participants and two teachers from both the schools were secondary participants as appraisee. Data gathered, through semi structured interview and documents analysis. The findings revealed that, the use of appraisal data by school principal is defined by organizational structure and culture. In a centrally governing school, the appraisal functions in a linear bureaucratic way. Thus, principal plays his role in administering given appraisal. Contrary to that, in self-governing school, principal has an autonomy to develop, plan, administer and analyse the appraisal with the help of its teachers and school leadership. Thus there is a shared culture with an empowered role of the school principal. The data reveals pros and cons of both centralized and decentralized appraisal highlighting their challenges and recommendations to overcome these challenges. However, the data depicted that the appraisal where school principal is empowered in all phases of appraisal, have positive impact on the productive use of appraisal data. Therefore, the study suggests empowerment and autonomy of school principal in TPA. The data revealed that autonomy and empowerment of school principal, helps in making contextual and need based decision. These kind of decisions are helpful to use appraisal data for developmental purpose in school.
1989ء میں شائع ہونے والی اس تصنیف میں پروفیسر عبد الحق کے دس مضامین شامل میں اس فہرست میں حرف آغاز شامل نہیں۔ ”فکرِ اقبال کی سرگذشت “اس کتاب کا آخری مضمون ہے جبکہ اقبال کی فکری سرگذشت کا تیسرا دور بھی اس کتاب میں شامل ہے۔ (6)اس کتاب کے مضامین میں بہت ہی عالمانہ تحقیقی گفتگو کی گئی ہے۔
Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) peel oil has medicinal properties which shows beneficial effects against plant pathogenic fungi Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the antifungal potential of Citrus paradisi peel oil against different plant pathogenic fungal strainsMethods: The essential oil of Grapefruit peel was provided in different concentrations 0.25 to 0.75ml per 100 ml of media to 3 different plant pathogenic fungal strains i.e, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani and Dreschlera tetramera and its effect on the growth of fungi was recorded Results: The studies provided the results compared with the controlled media, which showed the fungal growth was almost completely inhibited at 0.75ml concentration of oil, even the lower concentration was sufficient to retard the growth Conclusions: The study provided the blue print for fungicidal spray to cure serious diseases in plants, such as, rice blast, papaya fruit rot, seedling collar rot and wilt diseases.
Present studies were carried out to screen potato lines/cultivars against late blight, determine the effects of late blight on mineral nutrients and phenolic contents of susceptible and resistant potato cultivars, and manage late blight of potato. Out of 61 varieties/lines tested under natural disease conditions none of the variety/line was found to be immune, highly resistant or resistant to late blight of potato. Thirteen varieties/lines exhibited moderately resistant, thirteen exhibited moderately susceptible, twenty five showed susceptible, and ten showed highly susceptible response. Total phenols detected one month pre and post disease appearance in 50 lines/cultivars. After infection with late blight disease, total phenols significantly increased in all the diseased plants more than the increase in healthy plants of same age. We found an increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc contents of healthy plants of susceptible varieties/lines whereas, potassium, calcium, sodium and iron contents higher in the healthy plants resistant cultivars/lines. Upon disease appearance nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, copper, zinc, and iron contents increased invariably in all plants of both susceptible and resistant cultivars/lines. On the other hand, phosphorus and magnesium contents increased in susceptible cultivars/lines but decreased in resistant cultivars/lines. Control efficiency of Ridomil Gold and Neem (Azadrachta indica) leaf extract, as protective and curative was more pronounced on moderately resistant cultivar (Shanan) as compared to highly susceptible (Karoda). By sowing moderately resistant cultivars and spraying Neem leaf extract or Garlic extract @3% or moderately resistant varieties/lines combined with half the recommended dose of fungicides can protect the crop efficiently. Fungicide application (Ridomil Gold or Melody Dew) should be done at the appearance of disease just for once or twice to reduce the damage to environment and creation of resistance in the pathogen. Our study suggests that resistant cultivars should be exploited with fungicide use to enhance the disease control and disease losses.