Impact of a Non-Dedicated U-Turn on Traffic

Non-dedicated U turn has a direct effect on road safety, capacity and congestion during the traffic flow. U turn can have significant supremacy on traffic flow and headway. Therefore to study the impact of non-dedicated u turns on traffic is the ultimate requirement of the current time. This is a microscopic traffic study in which the data from a U turn (33°59’48.2"N 71°27’30.2"E) on road leading to Hayatabad and Karkhano in Peshawar is evaluated in terms of headway, speed and flow rate of traffic. Factual data is presented which shows that the average time headway surges when the traffic is interfered by the U turning vehicles. The probability density functions and cumulative density functions fit to the datasets of headway are then evaluated by the techniques of anova analysis to determine which distribution is the most suitable one for the data. Distribution data specific with the interfering U turn was taken in a separate set and evaluated. The result obtained show that the Burr Distribution and Generalized Extreme Value Distribution are the optimum to illustrate the headway data of traffic being interfered by U turning vehicles. This ligitimize the utilization of various time headway distributions of vehicles being interfered by U turning for traffic modeling.

The Anti Diabetic Effect of Guaiacum Officinale in Streptozotocin Induced Male Albino Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder and most common disease worldwide. In Asia more than 99% population suffered from type-2 diabetes. The occurrence and consequences of diabetes type 2 in children are also increasing with its complications. In the present study, the effect of Guaiacum officinale in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats in male albino rats was observed. For determining the anti-diabetic effect of bark extract of Guaiacum officinale, we developed type 2 diabetic rat model in albino rats by the use of streptozotocin at 30 mg /kg dose by intraperitoneal route. Initially OGTT was performed for the confirmation the development of type 2 diabetic model and the estimation of serum insulin by ELIZA technique. To determine the anti-diabetic activity of Guaiacum officinale, we selected male albino (Wistar) rats, weight 200±20 gms, acclimatized in uniform environment and conditions. Animals were divided in to four groups. Control group, streptozotocin induced diabetic group (positive control) Glibenclamide (Standard) group and Guaiacum officinale (treated) group. Streptozotocin administered at a dose 30 mg/ kg, I/P, single dose. Glibenclamide at 0.5 mg/kg dose by oral route for 28 days and Guaiacum officinale at 500mg/kg dose, orally for 28 days. After treatment of 28 days, we drawn blood samples by cardiac puncture technique for estimation of blood glucose, serum insulin, pancreatic enzymes, liver enzymes, bilirubin, kidney functions and electrolytes. Histo pathological studies were also performed by H&E staining and scanning electron microscopy. Animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation, dissected and isolate the vital organs (pancreas, kidney and liver) to observe the histological changes in all 2 groups. Blood glucose was determined by glucometer and the data was analyzed by ANOVA SPSS version 20. Expressed in (Mean±SEM). The results of blood glucose level of treated group (G.O) showed highly significant results as compare to control group. The serum insulin level was performed by ELIZA rat kit. 144 animals were selected, results were expressed in (Mean± SEM) showed that the treated group found highly significant results equivalent to control group. The estimation of pancreatic enzymes (Amylase and Lipase) were performed, 144 male albino wistar strain weight 200±20 gms were selected, results were presented in (Mean±SEM) showed that the amylase level of treated (G.O) group was found highly significant and the level of pancreatic lipase of treated group was found highly significant. In the present study, determine the effect of Guaiacum officinale on liver enzymes, selected 144 albino rats, divided in to four groups, treated group treat with extract and standard group treated with Glibenclamide for 28 days. Blood was collected in a vacutainer containing gel tubes, centrifuged at 3000 rpm; serum was separated for estimation of liver enzymes. Data was analyzed by ANOVA SPSS version 20 and expressed in (Mean ± SEM). The results of serum Aspartate transaminase (AST/SGOT) showed that Guaiacum officinale (treated) group was found highly significant results as compare to control. The Gamma glutamyl transferase (γ- GT) level of treated albino rats with G. officinale for 28 days showed insignificant results were expressed in (Mean± SEM). The results of Alanine transaminase (ALT/SGPT) with compare to control, expressed in (Mean ± SEM) showed that the level of ALT/SGPT in treated albino rats was found insignificant. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of treated group (methanolic extract of Guaiacum officinale) at 500 mg /kg dose for 28 days by oral route. Results were expressed in (Mean±SEM) and compare with control, the treated group was found highly significant. The effect of G. officinale on bilirubin (Direct and indirect) was estimated in male albino Wistar rats, weight 200±20 gms, acclimatized under control conditions, divided in four groups. Treated group treated with (G. officinale) and standard group treated with GLB for 28 days. The results expressed in (Mean ± SEM) showed direct and indirect bilirubin was found insignificant.The effect of Guaiacum officinale was determined at 500 mg / kg dose on total lipids of male albino rats. The animals were treated with bark extract orally for 28 days. The level of cholesterol and triglycerides compare with control group expressed in (Mean ± SEM) was showed that the treated group (G. officinale) group was found to be highly significant. The level of triglycerides of male albino rats by the treatment with bark extract of G. officinale expressed in (Mean±SEM) showed significant results as compare to control.The effect of extract on high density lipoprotein (HDL) of albino rats estimated by ANOVA SPSS , expressed in (Mean± SEM) showed insignificant results with compare to control, while the results of low density lipoprotein (LDL) was showed highly significant and the value of VLDL showed insignificant result with compare to control. The effect of G. officinale at 500mg/kg dose on kidney functions (Urea and Creatinine) in male albino rats. The results were expressed in (Mean ± SEM) by ANOVA. The results of both urea and creatinine were found highly significant with respect to control.In present study, the effect of Guaiacum officinale on electrolytes (Sodium and Potassium) were observed in male albino rats at 500 mg/kg dose orally route for 28 days. Animals (144) were selected, weight 200±20 gms, divided in to four groups. Data expressed in (Mean± SEM) showed serum sodium of G. officinale treated group was found highly significant and serum potassium level was found to be insignificant with compare to control. The histo-pathological effects of Guaiacum officinale on tissues (pancreas, kidney and liver) of male albino rats were observed by H &E staining. The observations through microscopic examination proved that the bark extract of G. officinale showed highly significant with respect to control and supported by biochemical and hematological results. The histological studies of Guaiacum officinale on tissues (pancreas, liver and kidney) of male albino rats by scanning electron microscopy. The observations through electron microscope at different magnification showed that the bark extract of G. officinale protect the vital organs from diabetes and its disasters.