The study aimed to explore the challenges students face in their transition from middle to high school and the effect of these challenges on them in a private high school in the context of Chitral. This school is situated in a rural area of Pakistan, where students from various middle schools get admission after passing their grade-eight exam. A case study design within qualitative research methodology was employed to explore the transitional challenges and their effects on students during their transition from middle to high school. Overall, the sample consisted of twelve students, ten parents, four teachers and three school principals. The data were gathered through observations of the school activities, interviews of principals and teachers, focused group discussion with parents and students and document analysis. The results of the study highlighted some of the academic and social challenges and their effects on students during their transition from middle to high school. The common academic challenges include high homework load, parental and teachers' expectations of high grades, high number of monthly tests, lack of subject specialist teachers, and lack of individualized attention by teachers. Social challenges faced by students were lack of English speaking culture in middle schools hampering relationship formation, lack of peers' support during transition, cultural norms and low sporting facilities hampering relationships, and cold attitude of middle school principals towards students. The study also found that transitional challenges had both positive and negative effects on students' social and academic performance. From the results of the study it also appeared that students do not receive adequate academic and social support in middle schools, which hinders their smooth transition to high school. The findings also revealed that intervention programmes in high school include strict rules, co-curricular activities and academic support such as extra classes and co-teaching practices, which does help to an extent, yet these intervention programmes were not sufficient to ameliorate the ailments of transitional challenges. According to the results of the study, parental support came in the form of their help in homework, provision of financial assistance and emotional guidance, having high expectations of their children, and volunteering. The study also found that students mostly use emotion focused coping strategies (procrastination, avoiding social relationships, divine support, and teachers help) as compared to problem focused coping strategies (proper scheduling, more time to studies, and organization). The study also concluded that long journeys due to distance hindered both academic
سفرِ طائف: اللہ تعالیٰ نے حکم دیا کہ ’’ وَ اَ نِذِ ر عَشِیرَ تَکَ الا َ قّرَبِینَ اپنے قریبی رشتہ داروں کو اسلام کی دعوت دو‘‘ اور یہ بھی فرمایا وَتَوَ کلَ ّعَلیٰ العَزیزِ اِلرَّ حِیمِ ’’ بھروسہ کرو خدا قادر و رحیم پر اَلَّذِی یَرَ ک حِینَ تَقُومُ جو تم کو دیکھتا رہتا ہے‘ جب تم کھڑے ہوتے ہو وَتَقَلُّبِکَ فِی السَّجِدِینَ اور نمازیوں کے ساتھ تمھاری نشست و بر خاست کو وہ دیکھتا رہتا ہے‘‘ (الشعرائ۔۲۱۷۔۲۱۸)۔ جب مکہ کی فضا مزید بگڑتی ہے۔ظلم و ستم اور جبر و تشدد میں اضافہ ہوتا ہے تو آپؐ کارِ تبلیغ کو جاری رکھنے کے لیے طائف کو منتخب کرتے ہیں۔ طائف مکہ مکرمہ سے ساٹھ میل دور مشرق کی طرف واقع ہے۔ پہاڑی علاقہ مگر سر سبز و شاداب ہے۔قدرتی چشمے اور قسم قسم کے پھلوں اور میووں کے باغات ہیں۔ سرولیم میور یورپ کے متعدد سیاحوں کے اقوال طائف اور اس کے میووں، پھلوں ، خصوصاََ انگوروں اور گلاب کے پھولوں کی تعریف میں نقل کرتا ہے۔آپؐ مکہ سے طائف کا سفر پیدل کرتے ہیں۔ آپ ﷺکے ساتھ آپ کا آزاد کردہ غلام سیدنا زید بن حارثہؓ ہیں۔راستہ کٹھن ہے مگر راستے میں قبائل کو اسلام کی دعوت دیتے جاتے ہیں۔ قبیلہ بنو بکر کے ہاں جاتے ہیں لیکن وہ ٹھہرنے نہیں دیتے۔قبیلہ قطحان والے بھی بد سلوکی سے پیش آتے ہیں۔ بالآخر آپؐ طائف کا عزم کرتے ہیں۔دس روز قیام کیا۔بنو ثقیف کے سرداروں نے نا روا سلوک کیا۔آپؐ نے ایسے سڑے گلے اور روکھے پھیکے جواب ہی نہیں سنے بل کہ یہ سردارا ن اوباش اور آوارہ لڑکوں کو پیچھے لگا دیتے ہیں۔وہ تالیاں بجاتے،گالیاں دیتے،آوازے کستے حتیٰ کہ پتھروں کی بارش کردیتے ہیں۔ ان پتھروں سے آپ لہو لہان ہو گئے۔ آپﷺ کے نعلین مبارک خون سے بھر گئے۔آپؐ کا غلام پتھروں...
Like other major religions of the world, sectarian division took place in Islam too. The major cause of this sectarian division was political in its nature rather than religious. Immediately after the demise of the Holy Prophet (SAW), believers were divided over the question of succession to the Prophet (SAW) which later on culminated in the shape of two sectarian factions i.e. Sunni and Shi‘ah. The present paper will give a complete account of the genesis of Islamic sects including the events that directly intensified shi’ism in Islam.
Hospitals play a vital role in health and well being of humans. However the biomedical waste generated by hospitals pose a serious threat to public health and environment due to their high potential of disease transmission through spread of pathogenic bacterial strains from hospitals dumpsites by any mode of contact. Therefore methods for the analysis of microbial diversity in the environmental samples surrounding the hospitals? dumpsites are required for better understanding of Hospitals Acquired Infections (HAI) transmission. Metagenomics provides solution to this problem through availability of methods that allows the isolation of those microbial DNA from environment that cannot be cultured and hence their role has never been studied in transmission of HAIs. This research study is objected to the investigation of microbial diversity present in the soil surrounding the dumpsites of hospitals in order to construct a profile of bacterial communities present in natural environment of hospitals that may potentially be involved in transmission of HAIs. In this research study the microbial diversity of soil samples taken from 10 different hospital?s waste dumpsites was examined. Direct DNA extraction is performed by using Metagenomic approach with the objective of isolation of not only cultured but un-cultured bacterial communities as well. PCR was carried out for all samples for detection of 16S rRNA gene. Amplified DNA is directed to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After sequencing the Phylogenetic analysis is performed through Phylogenetic tree rendering for the analysis of evolutionary relatedness of extracted bacterial sequences among themselves and with their possible closest species. The results of this research study have provided with the profile of bacterial species present in the soils surrounding the hospitals? dumping sites and also their evolutionary relatedness with other bacterial species. The results provided by this study have promising contribution in investigation of microbial communities present in hospitals environments and their potential involvement in transmission of HAIs suggests the need of strategies and protocols for proper disposal of biomedical wastes generated by hospitals.