The Purpose of this study is to understand how selected data analysis skills are used by Grade VII science students engaged in inquiry-based teaching. The research site in Jubilee Rise (Pseudonym) private school of Karachi. I used a set of three inquiry-based learning activities undertaken in the form of three lessons to help understand the seven selected data analysis skills in the science students. These skills include skills of identifying relevant science concepts from the activity being demonstrated, identifying the procedure that is being followed, predicting what will happen if the procedure is followed, giving a reason for the phenomena at hand, applying previously learnt concepts, suggesting a solution for the "problem" at hand, articulating a conclusion. Data was collected through video recording of the three lessons and by maintaining field notes. The findings show that overall; students made better identification of concept, identifying the procedure, and predicting the process. However, it was seen that while applying previously learnt concepts they manifested a number of misconceptions regarding heat and temperature. Only two students were able to use the skill of suggesting a solution for the "problem" at hand and articulating a conclusion during the inquiry activities. The student showed some improvement in some skills during the three lessons because the praise and encouragement offered to students during this process enhanced their confidence. Secondly, group work helped in collaborative learning by sharing ideas and arguing with the peers led to sharpening of some skills. Additionally, the analyses suggest that teacher should have a pedagogical content knowledge, which helps in reducing misconceptions in students and fulfilling the lacking analysis skills in students during inquiry approach. This study also found that inquiry is an innovative approach for teaching and learning science that could help to understand data analysis skills in students.
شہید کی جو موت ہے وہ قوم کی حیات ہے زندگی تو گزر جاتی ہے، جو زندہ ہے اُس نے بالآ خرسفرآخرت کرنا ہے، جو سانس لے رہا ہے اُس نے جان، جان آفریں کے سپرد کرنی ہے، کوئی بستر مرگ پر ایڑیاں رگڑ رگڑ کر مر جاتا ہے، کوئی کسی ڈوبنے والے کو سہارا دیتے ہوئے خودلہروں کے سپرد ہو جا تا ہے۔ کوئی مزمّن بیماری کا شکار ہو کر حکیموں اور ڈاکٹروں کے نسخے استعمال کرتے ہوئے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہہ دیتا ہے۔ کوئی راہزن کے ہتھے چڑھ کر اپنے بچوں کو یتیم اور اپنی زوجہ کو بیوہ کر جاتا ہے۔ لیکن قابلِ صد افتخار ہیں وہ لوگ جو ملک و ملت کی خاطر سرحدوں کی حفاظت کرتے ہوئے دشمنوں کی توپوں کا نشانہ بنتے ہیں اور جامِ شہادت نوش کر لیتے ہیں۔شہید کوقرآنِ پاک میں بھی زندہ فرمایا گیا ہے بلکہ یہاں تک فرمانِ باری تعالیٰ ہے کہ انہیں مردہ گمان بھی نہ کرو، خودتو زندہ ہیں ہی لیکن موت کا ظاہری لبادہ اوڑھ کر اور نظروں سے دائمی اوجھل ہو کر قوم و ملت کو حیات ِنو کی نوید سنا جاتے ہیں ، شہید کی زندگی قوم کی حیات ہے۔ شہید بحثیت مجاہد سرحدوں کی حفاظت کرتا ہے، سرحدوں پر پہرہ دیتاہے، اقوام خوابِ خرگوش کے مزے لے رہی ہوتی ہے اور شہید توپوں کی گھن گرج میں رات کی ساعتیں گزار رہا ہوتا ہے۔ شہادت ایک زیور ہے، جس کے زیب تن کرنے سے جسمانی خدوخال کے علاوہ روحانی نکھار بھی آجاتا ہے۔ شہید اپنی قوم کے عروج میں کلیدی کردار ادا کرتا ہے۔ قوم اس وقت اپنے مستقبل کی درخشندگی کے لیے مستعد ہوتی ہے جب وہ ذہنی طور پر آسودہ ہو، فکری اعتبار سے توانا ہو اور اس قسم کے ماحول کی تشکیل کے لیے شہید کا وجود...
With advancement in the modern world, psychological issues, including anxiety and depression has become the leading cause of mental illness. Herbal products have been explored to observe their effects in helping such conditions and citrus fruits are found to be among these helping tools. To study this, current research was designed to explore the antidepressant effects of Citrus paradisi in various doses on rodents. Swiss Albino mice were used and fresh extract of Citrus paradisi was prepared. Imipramine was used as the standard drug. Ethical approval was taken from the Board of Advanced Studies, University of Karachi. The animals were divided into controlled, standard and test groups. All the animals were recruited from the animal house of University of Karachi. Forced Swimming Test was used to analyses the efficacy. It is a standard test, which is commonly used to evaluate the behavioral response in animals using a cylinder at room temperature. After the completion of dosing and monitoring the animals for 30 days, it was observed that marked improvement in the test animal’s behavior with significant p-values indicating that the extract has improved the animal’s psychological response towards the external stress and animals showed noteworthy improvement in the mobile phase as compared to the immobile phase. It can be concluded from the experimental results that protocol established in this study can be used as an alternative for patients suffering with depression as an herbal option, keeping in mind the other co morbidities of patient and drug interactions of Citrus paradisi.
Urdu Short Stories and Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression is the main theme of this thesis which has been tried to be explored in its various forms in Urdu short stories. First chapter discusses definitions, ancient, modern and Islamic concepts of freedom of expression and limitations. A historical overview of freedom of expression along with restrictions imposed in various ages has been taken into account. People who lost their lives in their struggle for freedom of expression have also been discussed in this chapter. This chapter also includes discussion on Russian literature and banned works. Third chapter encompasses freedom of expression, restriction imposed by the state and Urdu short stories starting from Prem Chand and 'Angary' and continues with a discussion on works by progressive movement. During the army rules short story writers, playwrights, poets and authors were detained and exiled. Their jobs were terminated and they were imprisoned on different charges. Religious, gender, psychological and sexual issues and autonomy of opinion is the theme of fourth chapter. Though religion is the ultimate reality but the followers of religion create hindrances in the way of expressing feelings by imposing self-created restrictions. This issue has been discussed along with Pakistani society which is a male dominated society where emergence of such issues is an ancient concept. It was a matter of great concern for researcher to include a discussion on sexual and psychological issue to understand them and discuss ways and means of expressing such feelings in short stories. Fifth chapter discusses differences emerged from class-based society of sub-continent, feudalism, capitalism which resulted in confrontation between landowner and tenants, industrialists and workers. Restrictions surfaced from such issues were highlighted in short stories which make a part of discussion in this thesis. Last chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of freedom of expression in Urdu short stories.