خواتین كی ملازمت تعلیمات اسلامی كی روشنی میں

Women employment is a practical issue of the modern age. It is adopted by almost all the nations and countries of the world. In the western countries rights of women including employment, trade, property, education etc were recognized after the efforts ofWomen Liberation Movement. However, in Islam these were declared their basic rights since the first day. A western woman is bound to earn her livelihood as it is not the duty ofa western man to provide her basic needs. However, in Islam a woman is legally protected for the provision of all her basic needs and it is the duty of her father, brother, husband and son to provide these to her. Islam permits a woman to do a job or carry out trade activities and earn money subject to some conditions. These may be carried out by the permission of her husband, father, etc. Besides employment, a woman should perform her obligations at her home and family, which is her basic duty. She must be careful about her husband and children rights. She must observe Hijab and abstain from mixing with non-mehram men and should follow other social teachings of Islam. Wealth earned by her is considered her property and she can spend it any way at her discretion. Study of Islamic History revealed that many of the wives of the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam) and Sahabiyat (RA) carried out business activities and performed other jobs and thus earned money. They spent it to assist the Prophet's noble cause and to assist their husbands and to care their children. These activities were considered authorized and endorsed by the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam)

Psychological Construct As Core Determinant of Effective E-Learning Process

The purpose of the current study is to examine the role of external influences (i.e. E- environment and Technology-Internet-Quality) associated with individual’s psychological influences (i.e. Learning Orientation, Learning Motives, Perceived-Ease-of-Use and Perceived- Usefulness) and customer satisfaction. Basically, study identifies the environmental, technological and psychological perspectives in the development/creation of particular of consumer’s response behaviors through the cognitive process in the context of e-learning. Current study was based on descriptive and causal research design. Data was collected from a sample of 1,338 customer / students of e-learning (from three universities providing E- learning education) through convenient sampling. Hence, responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling through AMOS 22. The results suggest that customers’ e-environmental, technological and psychological influences play a significant role in the development of customer satisfaction as well as subjective well-being. In comprehensive manner, the finding indicates that ‘E-environment (i.e. Self-Paced Learning Environment and Instructor-Led Learning Environment)’ and ‘Technology factors (i.e. Technology Quality and Internet Quality)’ have positive impact on individual’s psychological influences (i.e. Learning Orientation, Learning Motives, Perceived-Ease-of-Use and Perceived- Usefulness) and which ultimately determine customer’s satisfaction and his/her subjective wellbeing. Finally, the overall results of the current study contribute in building a rigor of social cognitive theory and consumer planned behavior theory in the context of e-learning. The study, adds significant value to the literature in three ways: first, it provides comprehensive discussion on e-learning construct and also the role of motivational forces in the ixformation of customer satisfaction as well as his/her subjective well-being from two perspectives i.e. external influence (e-environment and technology elements) and internal influence (psychological elements). Second, Stimulus-Organism-Response framework is used to conceptualize and propose that an individual’s external influences affect the psychological influences, thus leading to the development of response behavior. Third, conceptual framework is based on the integration of two disciplines in the formation of individual ‘behavior i.e. ‘consumer behavior’ (Stimulus-Organism-Response Model) and Information Technology (Technology Acceptance Model). Basically, this framework is used to test and verification of the individual’s planned behavior theory derived from individual psychology, social psychology and IT. According to consumer’s cognitive process, it is established that customer’s e-environmental, and technological factors have significant impact on psychological characteristics which ultimately effects his/her response behaviors. This study would be helpful in making good relationships with customers/students to improve their learning skills and enhance learning motives. To the knowledge of the researcher, the study of customer satisfaction and subjective well-being simultaneously in individual’s psychology, consumer behavior studies and technology contexts is almost ignored. Neither has it been studied quantitatively. Thus, the current study also intends to fill these gaps and contributes to the existing literature on these issues besides improving the understanding of the academicians, policy makers, universities’ management, psychologists, behaviorists, IT experts and marketers regarding these major issues working behind e-learning implementation.