Introduction: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases classified into various subtypes according to clinical, histological and molecular features as well as by the expression of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. New biomarkers are being studied which may be therapeutic targets in various breast cancer subtypes particularly triple-negative breast cancer. Recent studies show that androgen receptor (AR) expression can be used as a prognostic marker and there is evidence that anti-androgen therapy may be beneficial in oestrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Retrospective studies show that patients with breast cancers co-expressing androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor have a favourable prognosis and improved survival. On the other hand, oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancers which express the androgen receptor in the presence of the human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) over-expression are associated with an unfavourable prognosis. In addition there may be regional or even racial differences in the expression of the AR in breast cancer. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine AR expression in breast cancers from Kenya and secondarily, to determine the association of AR expression with prognostic and predictive clinico-pathologic factors. Materials and Methods: The study was nested within a larger study based at AKUHN which is exploring the prevalence of triple-negative breast cancer in Kenya. Tissue blocks from 222 breast cancer specimens collected prospectively from September 2012 to March 2014 within the larger study were analysed for the presence of the androgen receptor. Tumour blocks were stained for AR on automated IHC platform. Nuclear staining of >10% was used as the cut-off for a positive AR stain. Clinical pathological features, including the ER/PR/HER2 status, were captured from data recorded in the larger study. Results: Of the total 222 cases of breast cancer analyzed for the androgen receptor, 78.8% were found to be positive for AR expression (confidence interval 72.86 – 84.01). A third of the triple-negative breast cancer cases (33%) and 94% of HER2 subtype breast cancer cases were positive for androgen receptor expression. Androgen receptor expression was significantly associated with estrogen receptor expression (p = 0.000001) and Her2 subtype of breast cancer (p = 0.04). Androgen receptor expression followed the age distribution of the sample population and tended to be inversely related to tumour grade. However these findings were not statistically significant. No association was found between androgen receptor expression, tumour stage, lymph node status or specimen type. Conclusions: The androgen receptor is expressed in 79% of
محترم حافظ اکرم راشدؔ کی ایک کتاب ’’نگارشاتِ راشد‘‘ پر کچھ لکھنا مجھ جیسے اردو کے ادنیٰ طالب علم کے لیے ایسا ہی ہے جیسے سورج کو چراغ دکھا نا ہے ۔ راشد کے موضوعات کی حد مقرر کرنا ناممکن ہے ۔ وسیع مطالعے کے بعد کشید کیا ہوا مضامین کا یہ مجموعہ قاری کے لیے بہترین تحفہ ہے ۔ جس میں وہ دنیا کے ساتھ ساتھ دین کے مسائل کو بھی سمجھ سکتا ہے۔ راشد نے اسلام ، وطن، انسانیت ، اخلاقیات ، صحت، تعلیم ، سماج، معیشت اور دیگر شعبہ ہائے زندگی سے تعلق رکھنے والے موضوعات کوقلم بند کیا ہے ۔ اسلام کے حوالے سے کئی مضامین جن میں ’’ پیارے نبیصلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمکی پیاری باتیں ‘‘ اور ’’میلادُ النبیصلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ‘‘ کے علاوہ کئی ایسے مضمون لکھے ہیں جن میں صحابہ کرام رضوان اللہ تعالیٰ اجمعین کی مبارک زندگیوں سے متعلق اہم واقعات بیان کیے ہیں ۔ تعلیم و تربیت کے حوالے سے ان کے مضامین حوالے کی چیز ہیں ۔ انھوں نے تعلیم کی اہمیت و افادیت کے حوالے سے کئی مضامین قلم بند کئے ہیں جن میں علم کی روح تک پہنچنے کے لیے افکار واضح کیے ہیں۔ اسی طرح ان کے مضامین اخلاقیات ، صحت اور جدید سائنس کے حوالے سے بھی اردو کا نایاب سرمایہ ہیں ۔ ان مضامین کو پڑھ کر اور ان پر عمل کر کے معاشرے میں عزت و وقار کے ساتھ زندگی گزاری جا سکتی ہے ۔ حافظ محمد اکرم راشدؔ ایک اچھے اور سچے مسلمان اور پاکستانی ہیں جن کے دل میں مسلمانوں کی اصلاح اور ہمدردی کا جذبہ کوٹ کوٹ کر بھرا ہوا ہے ۔ جس کا واضح ثبوت ان کی کتاب ’’ نگارشاتِ راشد‘‘...
Fath ul Qadeer is one of the most comprehensive and well organized works in the Hanafi School of thought. Full name of this book is Fath ul Qadeer Lel ‘Aajez el Faqeer. It is a commentary and illustration of Hedaya, the most popular and authentic book in Islamic jurisprudence and in Islamic schools of thought. It is compendium of Islamic knowledge with a discussion on various subjects that are from various types of fiqh and Usool-e-fiqh. Author, Ibn e Hamam used a critical explanation of words from lexical to technical, their grammatical analysis, connection on the basis of grammatical and syntax regulations and illustration of differences between synonyms. The methodology of this book is unique as it provide unprejudiced and impartial in analysis of various topics under discussion and the rational and logical arguments given by the author in support of his view make this book a significant work and a remarkable milestone in fiqh collections. The paper concludes with a comprehensive analysis of the aspects dealt with in terms of methodology and its characteristics.
The world of mathematics education is progressing rapidly with new knowledge being generated through advanced research. In order to make sense of the new mathematical discoveries and information in the field of mathematics education, conceptual understanding of mathematical concepts is very essential. Moreover, mathematics teaching and learning to promote students’ conceptual understanding in the context of Pakistan is considered challenging. Nevertheless teachers try to handle the emerging challenges while teaching for conceptual understanding. This study aimed to explore the challenges of mathematics classrooms and the strategies that mathematics teachers use to promote mathematical understanding in the middle school of a private Learning Resource High School in the context of Gilgit-Baltistan. In order to achieve the research purpose, a qualitative case study approach was used to carry out this study. The participants of this study were two mathematics teachers. The tools used for the purpose of data collection were: semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, post lesson discussions, document analysis and reflective journal maintained by the researcher. The interview data was audio-taped and transcribed. Further, the data was analyzed by coding and categorizing under various themes. The study revealed that during the teaching and learning of mathematics, teachers face certain types of challenges such as English language barrier, non-availability of teaching resources and their utilization, lack of classroom culture of exploration and issues in teaching of algebraic concepts. Similarly, the study also revealed that to overcome the emerging challenges, the teachers facilitate students with the help of contextual low-cost no-cost materials, contextualizing the mathematical concepts and through the involvement of the students. This study can help mathematics teachers and educators to design various types of activities to overcome the challenges.