Background: Rubella virus when it infects a non-pregnant adult or child usually causes a mild febrile rash illness. However, infection in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy causes miscarriages, stillbirths or foetal anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Factors associated with rubella immunity include age and parity. No studies have been done to isolate the association of parity independent of age.
Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of rubella IgG antibodies among nulliparous and multiparous women of the same age-group attending various clinics in Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi,
Design: A cross-sectional study of women attending a tertiary hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Subjects and methods: Eligible participants were multiparous and nulliparous women aged between 30 and 34 years, recruited sequentially. The rubella IgG antibody was tested using a commercial ELISA Kit. Fischer exact test and Chi square was used to compare the two groups. Logistic regression was used to explore the association.
Results: A total of 300 women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. There was no difference in seropositivity between the multiparous (87%) and the nulliparous group (88%), P=0.81. The overall rubella seroprevalence was 87%. Variation in seropositivity was noted from place of birth, ranging from 82% in Coast to 100% in Western province, though the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.81). None of the socio-demographic and obstetrical factors included in the study questionnaire were associated with seronegativity for rubella in the univariate and multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: Thirteen percent of the participants were seronegative, translating to a significant number of women in childbearing age susceptible to rubella virus and subsequent CRS. Seronegativity did not correlate with the socio-demographic and obstetrical factors. Regular rubella testing and promotion of wider coverage of vaccination recommended, since there seems to be no benefit in targeting one group over the other.
مولانا شاہ حلیم عطا دوسرا حادثہ دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے شیخ الحدیث مولانا شاہ حلیم عطا صاحب کی وفات ہے، وہ حضرت شاہ پیر محمد عطا سلونویؒ کی اولاد میں تھے اور موجودہ سجادہ نشین شاہ نعیم عطا صاحب کے چھوٹے بھائی تھے۔ یہ خاندان علم و فضل دونوں کا جامع رہا ہے۔ شاہ حلیم عطا صاحب بڑے وسیع النظر عالم اور اسلامی علوم کا زندہ کتب خانہ تھے۔ خصوصاً حدیث اور اس کے متعلقہ فنون پر ان کی نظراتنی گہری اور وسیع تھی کہ اس دور کے علماء میں اس کی مثالیں کم ملیں گی۔ حضرت الاستاذؒ فرمایا کرتے تھے کہ شاہ صاحب کے علم کی تھا نہیں ملتی اور اس علم و فضل کے ساتھ ایسے خاکسار اور متواضع، سادہ مزاج اور بھولے بھالے تھے کہ ان کو دیکھ کر کوئی شخص مشکل سے ان کے لکھے پڑھے ہونے کا گمان کرسکتا تھا۔ اپنے سے کمتر علم والوں کی باتیں اس شوق اور توجہ سے سنتے کہ معلوم ہوتا خود استفادہ کررہے ہیں۔ حافظہ حیرت انگیز تھا، کتابوں کے صفحے کے صفحے زبانی یاد تھے مگر ان کمالات کے ساتھ قوت گویائی اور قوت ِ تحریر نہ تھی، اس سے بھی زیادہ ان کی تواضع اور استغنانے ان کو نام و نمود سے بے نیاز کردیا تھا، اس لیے ایک محدود علمی حلقہ کے سوا علمی دنیا بھی ان کے کمالات سے واقف نہ ہوسکی، تقریباً پندرہ سال سے دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء میں حدیث نبوی کا درس دیتے تھے اور اسی مبارک شغل میں چند دنوں فالج میں مبتلا رہ کر انتقال کیا۔ انتقال کے وقت ۶۵ سال کی عمر رہی ہوگی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ اس پیکر علم و اخلاق کو اس کے پاک شغل کے طفیل میں عالم آخرت کی سربلندی عطا فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۵۵ء)
Nations are identified, through their characteristics, behavior, conduct, power of thinking, determination, respect for humanity and adventures. Only material things do not guarantee the progress and development, until the individual of those nations have a proper line of action with sincerity, justice, high ethics and enlightment. If these just and sincere qualities are not in any nation, that nation cannot progress well. Today, as a nation there are serious threats to our culture and social edifice. And our frozen practice and progress can only be melted and activated by teachers. And no doubt, the life of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) is a source of great guidance for a teacher, because Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) is the greatest teacher of humanity throughout the history and a teacher following the foot prints of teachings of Prophet ((P.B.U.H)) can lead any nation towards the apex of prosperity, progress and development. The life of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) vividly reflects that a teacher should be a model towards society and nation. His vision, his practices and his teachings should accord one another. It is an established fact that teacher is a leader to any nation.
This thesis deals with some cosmic aspects in the context of modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity. Firstly, we explore static spherically symmetric wormhole solutions in galactic halo region as well as using conformal Killing vectors technique. The effective energymomentum tensor leads to the violation of energy conditions while normal matter satisfies these conditions. We use Navarro-Frenk-White energy density profile to examine possible existence of traversable wormholes in galactic halo region. We find physically acceptable wormhole solutions threaded by normal matter for all values of r. We also investigate stability of the resulting wormhole solutions. For conformally symmetric traversable wormholes, it is found that all shape functions satisfy flaringout condition except phantom case with non-static conformal symmetry. Secondly, we study the dynamics of self-gravitating objects for spherical and axial systems. We construct structure scalars through orthogonal splitting of the Riemann tensor and deduce a complete set of equations governing the evolution of dissipative anisotropic fluid in terms of these scalars. In spherically symmetric system, we investigate some particular fluid models according to various dynamical conditions and find that our results are consistent with general relativity for constant f(G) model. Any other choice of the model leads to irregular distribution of dark energy and deviates from general relativity. We also explore different causes of density inhomogeneity which turns out to be a necessary condition in the presence of dark sources. In axially symmetric system with shear, it is found that dark sources affect thermodynamics of the system, evolution of kinematical quantities as well as density inhomogeneity. For the shear-free case, we study both non-geodesic as well as geodesicfluids with and without dissipation. The non-geodesic (non-dissipative) fluid gives inhomogeneous expansion while geodesic fluid leads the system either to vorticityfree or expansion-free. The vorticity-free non-dissipative geodesic fluid reduces the axial system to FRW model with homogeneous distribution of dark sources while expansion-free geodesic fluid does not exist even in the presence of dark sources.