PEMANFAATAN MEDIA DAN SUMBER BELAJAR ABAD 21

ABSTRAK Artikel ini bertujuan  untuk mendeskripsikan tentang pemanfaatan sumber dan media belajar di era modernisasi dan globalisasi seperti di abad ke 21 ini, pendidikan menjadi semakin penting untuk menjamin peserta didik memiliki keterampilan (life skills). Hal ini sesuai dengan tuntutan abad 21 dimana peserta didik harus memiliki kompetensi berpikir dan belajar. Kompetensi-kompetensi tersebut diantaranya adalah kompetensi komunikasi (communication), kolaborasi (collaboration), berpikir kritis dan memecahkan masalah (critical thinking and problem solving) kreatif dan inovatif (creativity and innovation). Dalam  pesatnya perkembangan IPTEK menuntut berbagai perubahan mendasar termasuk perubahan dalam memanfaatkan penggunaan media dan sumber belajar. Sehingga dengan adanya media dan sumber belajar yang lebih bervariatif, maka akan menjawab berbagai permasalahan pembelajaran sehingga akan menciptakan tujuan hasil pembelajaran yang lebih maksimal. Kata kunci: Media, Sumber, Belajar   ABSTRACT   This article aims to describe the use of learning resources and media in the era of modernization and globalization such as in this 21st century, Education to be more and more important to guarantee the member of education to have skills (life skills). It is in accordance with the 21st century pursuit, where they should have the competence of thinking and learning. Those competences are such as competence to communicate, collaborate, think critically, solve problems, and to be creative and innovative. Along with rapid development of Science and Technology it pursue many basic – changes including the changes in utilizing the use of media and learning resources. So that with the media and learning resources that are more varied, it will answer various learning problems so that it will create a goal of learning outcomes that is more leverage. Keyword: Media, Resources, Learning

Seismic Hazard Analysis of Pakistan

This study is focused on the seismic hazard analysis of Pakistan with special emphasis on the development of input parameters. Initially, comprehensive catalogues of both historically reported and instrumentally recorded earthquakes of Pakistan was prepared using a wide range of data sources. Quality of the instrumental earthquake catalogue was assessed by the magnitude of completeness (Mc) using different methodologies, and Stepp’s methodology was found the most adequate. The attenuation relationships were derived by carrying out multiple regression analysis of the macro-seismic and strong motion data. Predicted values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) from these relationships were found in conformity with the observed values of PGA. However, proposed attenuation models somewhat overestimated PGA values in near field region for larger earthquakes (Mw > 7.0). It may be either due to the site nonlinearity effects resulting from high intensity of ground shaking or owe to the factors like geology of the area, fault type, directivity of the fault rupture and other source parameters. A comparison of PGA values assimilated by using Next Generation Attenuation relationships (NGAs) and newly developed attenuation models with the observed values also showed a close proximity, which demonstrates the robustness and applicability of these relations for a wide range of earthquakes. Seismo-tectonic model considering more than 50 faults and 18 seismic source zones provided a future reference for any seismic hazard studies concerning the study area. Deterministic seismic hazard assessment (DSHA) of federal capital and four provincial capitals revealed that Quetta (PGA = 0.35g, vmax = 45cm/sec) was more susceptible to seismic hazard than other cities as Quetta lies near to Chaman Fault, which demonstrated a maximum magnitude potential value of 8.3. Whereas Lahore, capital of the Punjab province, was found to be the least prone to earthquake hazard. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) of these cities, and on 0.1o x 0.1o grid for 2%, 5% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50, 100 and 250 years in terms of total hazard curves, uniform hazard spectra and seismic hazard maps provided basis for future structural design and analysis. PSHA results also complemented the DSHA results showing Quetta as the most vulnerable to earthquakes. The seismic hazard maps, however, stressed the need to investigate some regions like Quetta and Muzaffarabad- Balakot areas in detail. The design response spectra (DRS) and compatible time histories were also developed for these cities of Pakistan in order to better design and analyze the future and existing structures. Among the methods used for the construction of DRS, the Newmark & Hall method was found the least conservative and International Building Code (IBC) the highest conservative. However, Building Code of Pakistan (BCP) yielded the intermediate values. The spectral acceleration values and PGA values derived from DRS compatible time histories were highest for the Quetta city.