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Comparison of Wavelet Compressed Mri Cineloop Images Versus Originally Acquired Non-Modified Mri Images for Detection of Brain Lesions

Thesis Info

Author

Patrice K. Anangwe

Department

Imaging and Diagnostic Radiology (East Africa)

Program

MMed

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Medicine

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728042044

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Brief background: Image compression has been widely accepted as the solution to the explosion of imaging data since the advent of multiaxial multisequence imaging. However, compromise on diagnostic quality secondary to this modification has been an issue. Many studies have been carried out looking at just noticeable differences but few have been undertaken to look at the difference in ability to detect pathology in original versus cineloop compressed images. This study was done to compare lesion detection ability of cineloop compressed images as compared to original images. Objectives: A comparative study to evaluate detection of brain lesions in wavelet compressed Audio video Interleave (AVI) cineloop re-formatted MRI images as compared to originally acquired 16 bit digital MRI images. Methods: This was a prospective comparative study. MRI brain images of consecutive non-selected patients referred for MRI brain examinations were compressed by means of a wavelet algorithm at ratios of 30:1(70%) and then converted into Microsoft AVI cine loop format using Image J freeware( Appendix 3). All the sequences and all the sections of a particular examination (original and reformatted images) were reviewed on the same high resolution computer monitor by two independent reviewers (Appendix 2). Analysis: Each of the observers captured their findings in a pre-defined form then comparison of lesion detection was done taking the original images as a gold standard. Sensitivity were calculated for evaluation of number of lesions, location of lesions, signal characteristics and image quality. As compared to the original brain MRI images the sensitivities in the cineloop compressed images for presence of lesions was 100%, Number of lesions present was 100%, location of largest lesion was 97%, T1 signal was 96%, T2 signal was 96%, GRE signal was 95%, FLAIR signal was 93%, Presence of restricted diffusion was 98%, post contrast enhancement was 98%, and edema surrounding lesion was 100%. There was reduction of subjective image quality with 79% of the compressed cineloop images scoring 1 less point than the original images. Outcomes: This study proves cineloop compressed images at a a ratio of 1:30 do not reduce ability to detect lesions in terms of size, number, locations and signals. Despite reduced quality of images, the diagnosis remains largely unchanged. Hence, image compression can be applied to MRI Brain imaging for interpretation allowing ease of teleradiology, reduced storage costs and increased transmission speeds.
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ان سب رگوں سے پھوٹتے جنوں کا مسئلہ

ان سب رگوں سے پھوٹتے جنوں کا مسئلہ
لاحق ہمیں ہے ہر گھڑی سکوں کا مسئلہ

اب لاؤ کوئی پیر میرا سینہ دم کرو
ٹلتا نہیں ہے ہجر کے فسوں کا مسئلہ

دن ہو بھلے سے عید کا ہمیں خوشی نہیں
اب لا دوا سا ہے دلِ زبوں کا مسئلہ

اپنے بھی اب تو خیر سے اپنے ہیںکب رہے
یوں بڑھ گیا ہے یہ سفید خوں کا مسئلہ

چھینا ہے تیری ضد نے مجھ سے اُس کو اے خدا
معلوم تھا جسے مرے ’’لوںلوں‘‘ کا مسئلہ

Codification of Muslim Family Laws of Pakistan and Malaysia: An Evolutionary Comparative Study

Codification is the creation of codes, the compilation of written statues, rules, and regulations that inform the public of the acceptable and the unacceptable behaviour. Muslim jurists had differed in their opinion of codification of Islamic laws; some supported the idea, while the others opposed it. However, in the contemporary global situation, Muslim scholars are emphasizing the importance of codification of Islamic laws and efforts have been initiated in many Muslim countries to codify them. In the current paper, the evolution of Muslim Family Laws of Pakistan and Malaysia has been comparatively studied. Malaysia has been selected due to its technological and economic advancement among the Muslim countries. Malaysia serves as an example in the modem codification of Islamic Laws. In Pakistan, Criminal and Penal Laws are codified while the Muslim Family Laws have not been codified and left scattered in various acts, ordinances and court decisions. The Malaysian Family Law are codified in one volume and enacted after necessary legislation through an act of the parliament. The objective of this comparative evolutionary study is to provide a practical model for the Islamization and codification of Muslim Family Laws in Pakistan.

Nature of Engagement of Secondary School Leaders in Curriculum Planning and Decision Making in the Mountainous Rural Areas of Pakistan

Teachers and students in Pakistan are perceived as consumers of the 'given' curriculum and have little role in the development of it. As a result, policy directives and actions to improve quality of education in Pakistan have been mainly 'top-down' and geared towards improving the ‘given knowledge’ transfer capability of teachers. Blind to teachers' agency to develop powerful curriculum in school, these efforts from outside school have mostly failed in achieving the aims of students' meaningful learning as espoused in the national curriculum of Pakistan. The quality of education, thus, can significantly be improved if change is initiated from within school. Be it the case, a series of questions needs to be answered. Who are in school that are so important for students' meaningful learning? How are they important for students' meaningful learning? What do they do to achieve that end? How and why do they do what they do to reach that end? How could they be helped to do better what they currently do in schools in order to facilitate students' meaningful learning? These are some of the questions that this research study with its focus on engagement of secondary school teachers and students in Chitral district in curriculum planning and decision making has attempted to answer. Hence, adopting a mixed methods research approach, this thesis outlines the nature (what, how, and why) of engagement of secondary school teachers and students (school leaders) in the four dimensions of curriculum planning and decision making at school level and provides a framework to improve their engagement for enhanced students' meaningful learning. These dimensions are (a) objectives of teaching and learning, (b) content to be taught, (c) learning opportunities, and (d) mode of presentation and response. Quantitative data were collected from 401 teachers in 89 secondary schools through a questionnaire survey and qualitative data were generated in the selected two case study schools through interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and field notes. The findings of this study are important with respect to the notion of school leaders as curriculum planners and decision makers at school level. The results show that school leaders are not just implementers of curriculum through teaching textbooks in the classroom. Rather, empirical findings have illustrated that school leaders exercise their personal agency to adapt and enrich nationally developed curriculum in order to serve the meaningful learning purpose of the students. All findings of data analysis are in