Background: Direct observation of residents in clinical encounters by faculty and assessment for learning has now become a key component of postgraduate training programs. DOPS, a workplace-based assessment form, was designed to provide formative assessment and feedback about a trainee’s procedural skills. Interactions between residents and faculty are central to this learning process and are influenced by multiple factors both at faculty and resident levels as well as contextual factors. The feedback may be used by the receiver to contemplate behaviour change. The receptivity of the resident to the feedback is a key determinant as to whether the process to permanent behaviour change (learning) will occur. Studies have shown discordance between intended feedback by faculty and that received by trainees. It has been noted that top-down approaches to improve receptiveness of feedback have little influence on students’ experience. Tips for trainees have been proposed to make best use of feedback which provide strategies to reflect, interact and respond to feedback from faculty. These tips are numerous to memorize and recall, overlapping in their composition and not specific for the Aga Khan University setting. This study sought to locally-develop the AKUH O.R Feedback tips, a resident driven action research tool based on the twelve tips, to improve receptivity of feedback from faculty at AKUHN. Objective: To develop a feedback guide that postgraduate residents can use to improve their receptivity of feedback received from faculty in the operating theatre after a directly observed procedural skill at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Design: A Qualitative action research study. Method: Consented first-year residents from general surgery, anesthesiology, obstetrics and gynecology underwent direct observation in the operating room by faculty after which they received feedback. They then participated in focus group discussions lasting 90-120 minutes during which they expressed their feelings and perceptions towards their feedback, identified problems and proposed remedies. The discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, verified, anonymized and analyzed using NVIVO 10 software. Giorgi phenomenological qualitative method was used to develop themes. They were then introduced to the “twelve tips of making the best use of feedback” as compiled by Van der Leeuw and Slootweg during interactive workshop. They reflected on their experience, identified with and modified the tips to best suit the academic and workplace environment at Aga Khan University Hospital operating theatre. The AKUHN Feedback tips were formulated and their response to the guide was then analyzed. Results: The residents
یہ بھی ایک وقت تھا ہماری مائیں ہماری بہنیں عید سے پہلے ہماری رہائی کے لیے مظاہر ے کیا کرتی تھیں ہماری مائیں بھی کسی میکسم گورکی کی ماں سے کم نہیں تھیں ۔
آج حالات اس سے بدتر ہیں اب تو سیاسی قیدیوں کو غائب ہی کر دیا جا تا ہے مصطفی کانجو کو غائب کیے ہوئے پانچ مہینے ہو گئے ابھی تک کچھ پتہ نہیں کہ زندہ بھی ہے کہ نہیں۔ تصویر میں میری ماں شیخ عبدالقیوم کی بھتیجیاں اور دبنگ جیالی خالی سکینہ بادشاہ مرحومہ نمایاں ہیں جن کی بیٹی کی وڈیونیب ہیڈکواٹر کے باہر پولیس سے دست بدست لڑتے ہوئے وائرل ہوئی تھی ۔1986ء کمیٹی چوک راولپنڈی
Extremism is a challenge facing the societies both on secular and religious level, which has damaged the society with disrupting peace and creating caos in the world. There is a dire need of an academic discussion regarding the various aspects of the issue in Islamic and social perspectives. This is an attempt to realize the sensitivity of the subject and providing a balanced approached in the light of Islamic teachings. This article draws attention of the concerned authorities to play their role for the stoppage of blasphemous activities by implementation of the existing law and its development by determining the punishment against false accusation. The article also explains that what Islam expects from the Muslims and guides them in expressing their feelings and showing their attitudes, behavior and fixing their responsibilities regarding the issue with true Islamic spirit. The article draws the attention of the non-Muslim countries and communities as well to display impartiality, truth and realistic attitude and appropriate legislation by considering the blasphemous activities as a heinous crime.
Evolutionary computing algorithms have been implemented successfully for optimization problems. Differential Evolution (DE) is one of the evolutionary global optimization algorithm which has enjoyed considerable interest by many researchers in the recent years. Due to intensive study of DE algorithm by researchers; a number of mutation variants have been established for this algorithm. These mutation variants make DE algorithm more applicable, but due to the random development of these variants have created inconsistencies such as naming and formulation. Therefore, this research work also aims to identify inconsistencies and propose solution to make them consistent. Most of the inconsistencies exist because of the uncommon nomenclature used for these variants. In this research a comprehensive study is carried out to identify inconsistencies in the nomenclature of mutation variants that does not match each other. Their proper and consistent names are proposed which provide significant contribution to the literature. The proposed names are assigned for conflicting variants that is based on the name of the variant, total number of vectors used to generate the trial vector and the order of the vectors to form the equation of these mutation variants. For effective conflict analysis of mutation strategies, trial vector generation mechanism of each variant is illustrated graphically. The consistent set of mutation variants will prove to be a valuable addition to DE literature. A number of variants have been proposed to improve the performance of DE. However, most of the variants suffer from the problems of convergence speed and local optima. A novel tournament based parent selection mutation strategy of DE algorithm (TSDE) is proposed in this research. The proposed mutation strategy enhances searching capability in terms of fitness and improves convergence speed of the DE algorithm in terms of number of function calls. This research work also presents statistical comparison of existing DE mutation variants, which categorizes these variants in terms of their overall performance. The proposed mutation strategy is tested for standard benchmark functions and validated to train the artificial neural network for data classification problem. This thesis also introduces random controlled pool base differential evolution algorithm (RCPDE). A mutation strategy pool and a control parameter pool are used in RCPDE. The mutation strategy pool contains mutations strategies having diverse characteristics and control parameter pool contains varying nature pairs of control parameter values. The author has also observed that addition of rarely used control parameter values in the parameter pool and mutation strategy in the strategy pool is helpful to enhance the average fitness value and the number of function call performance parameters of DE algorithm. The proposed mutation strategies pool and control parameters pool in RCPDE are helpful in improving the solution quality and convergence speed of DE algorithm. RCPDE algorithm is tested over a test set of multi dimensional (N-dimensional) benchmark functions that shows significant performance of the proposed algorithm over many state of the art DE algorithms. To validate the performance of RCPDE algorithm; it has been used to train artificial neural network for data classification problem. Through experimental studies it is proved that proposed TSDE achieved better performance than other mutation strategies of DE algorithm. Similarly random controlled mutation strategies pool and control parameter pool based DE algorithm (RCPDE) also shows significant performance in the experimental studies as compared to other well known state of the art algorithms such as jDE, EPSDE, CoDE and standard DE algorithm.